近代中國婦女獨身論述再探（1900s-1930s）

Abstract

本論文在前人研究基礎上，從「學習西方文明」和「民族復興思潮」二大視角，再探近代中國婦女獨身論述。十九、二十世紀之交，西方獨身議題引發熱烈討論與關注，其論述主要依循「文明進化」和「性比例失衡」兩種模式進行，各國政府則試圖以政策改善此種趨勢。中國知識分子透過翻譯相關報導，以及輸入西方各式婚戀思想，建構中國的婦女獨身論述。1920年代前後，在新文化運動之際，知識分子基於對西方「文明」的追求，使中國原本「獨身」所蘊含的意義不斷被再度詮釋。從討論何謂「獨身」，到「獨身」與「獨身主義」之間的意涵釐清，以及運用無政府主義、自由主義、社會主義以及馬克思主義等不同理論視野，透過對「獨身」之論述，反思傳統中國社會婚姻與家庭弊病。1930年代，隨著民族復興思潮日益蓬勃發展，政府與知識界更加關注人口問題與民族強盛的關係，也使知識分子和大眾媒體轉向，從集體利益的角度，評論婦女獨身。人口性別結構的分布，不僅展現知識分子對當前社會的關懷，更直接影響婦女獨身論述之氛圍。另外，獨身女性往往成為大眾刊物的創作題材，甚而變成虛假訊息靈感來源，博得民眾的熱烈關注與討論，成為極具娛樂性的話題。The thesis re-explores the discourse on China’s female celibacy in the early 20th century, from two perspectives of “learning western civilization” (學習西方文明) and “the trend of national revival”(民族復興思潮). At the turn of the 19th and 20th century, the issue of celibacy in the West has aroused plenty of concerns and discussions. The discourse mainly followed two models: “civilization evolution” (文明進化)and “sexual imbalance”(性比例失衡). Governments in many countries tried to improve this problem through policies. Chinese intellectuals also had many discussions on the issue of female celibacy by translating relevant western texts and importing various western theories about marriage and love.Around 1920s, New Culture Movement(新文化運動) in China devoted to learn western civilization. Thus, “celibacy”(獨身) had been kept reinterpreting by intellectuals, although the concept had been existed in China for a long time. They tried to figure out following topics: First of all, what’s the meaning about“celibacy” ? Secondly, what’s the difference between “celibacy” (獨身) and “celibatarism” (獨身主義) ? Thirdly, because the input of different western theories, such as anarchism(無政府主義), liberalism(自由主義), socialism(社會主義), and Marxism(馬克思主義), the intellectuals applied them to the discussion about the issue of celibacy.At 1930s, with “the trend of national revival”(民族復興思潮), China’s government and intellectuals paid more attention to the relationship between population and national prosperity, which also affected the discussion of female celibacy. There had been an obvious change in intellectual thought and mass media. They usually commented on female celibacy from the perspective of nationality. In addition, the distribution of “sex ratio” (男女性比例)not only showed intellectuals' concerns for society, but also directly affected the atmosphere of the discussion on female celibacy. Thus, female celibacy often became the sources of publication, and even became the inspiration for “false information”(虛假訊息). The various reports aroused public interest and often became entertaining topics.