組織合作模式研究─以無痕山林運動推展至國民小學為例

Abstract

近年來，鑒於國人對山岳活動的需求增加，為降低山岳活動盛行對山林環境所產生之破壞，林務局引入無痕山林之理念，並且希望將無痕山林之理念推展至學校，因此，本研究主要探討推展無痕山林運動至國小時，相關組織間合作模式之研究，並進而探究參與合作之組織所提供之社會資源。本研究透過文獻分析法、參與觀察法以及深度訪談法，探討無痕山林運動推展至國小時，公、私以及非營利部門在推展時，相關組織間之合作動機、歷程、方式以及合作為其帶來之效益，進而瞭解在合作時，公、私以及非營利部門所提供之社會資源。本研究結果發現，公部門與其他部門合作時，其合作動機以策略行為考量為多，此動機是為有效地推展無痕山林運動；在合作效益方面，公部門與其他部門合作之效益包含降低營運成本、知識移轉以及強化策略目標。而在私部門的合作模式中，其與學校合作之動機為策略行為，然合作內容多由私部門主導，因此屬雙重個別主導模式，對私部門而言能獲得之合作效益為強化策略目標。在非營利部門與學校合作模式中可知，非營利部門與學校合作是資源互賴與策略行為之考量，合作內容多由非營利部門主導，因此屬單方主導模式，對非營利部門而言合作效益為強化策略目標，對學校而言合作效益為知識移轉。同時，本研究結果亦發現，在合作關係中公、私以及非營利部門其社會資源提供以人力資源最多，財力資源多來自公部門經費補助。最後，本研究建議未來相關單位合作時，應以一次性活動為基礎建立雙方長期合作之關係；同時，為了擴展社會資源之利用，建議參考美國之作法，明列合作夥伴可獲利益，號召更多夥伴一同推展，另一方面建議培養學校教師專業素養，讓無痕山林教育從根扎起。

In order to reducing the activities on the environment, the Forestry bureau had led the LNT (Leave No Trace, LNT) into Taiwan since 2006. The Forestry bureau attempted to promote the LNT to school. The purpose of this study was to discuss the cooperation model among schools, government and organizations when promoting LNT. Furthermore this study was discussed the social resources from related organizations . This study used literature analyses, participation observations, and in-depth interviews to discuss the cooperation motivations, process, methods, and benefits of these organizations when protmoting LNT to schools. Furthermore, this study was discussed the social resources from the public, private and non-profit organizations. The results of this study were followings: First when public organizations cooperated with others .The cooperation motivation was for promoting LNT. The benefits of cooperation included reducing cost, exchanging know-how and strengthening strategy reasons. Second the cooperation motivation of private organizations and schools was strategy reason. The process was controlled by private organization. The benefits for private organization were strengthened strategy reason. The cooperation motivation of non-profit organizations and schools relied on resources exchange and strategy reason. And the process was controlled by non-profit organizations. The benefits for non-profit organizations were strengthening strategy reason and exchanging know-how for the schools. The results of this study showed that the public, private and non-profit organizations mostly provided human resources. The financial resources were provided by the public organizations mostly. In conclusion, this study suggested that the related organizations should establish a long-term cooperation relationship. On the other hand consulting the ways of promotion used in the Unites States. The teachers should be trained so as to affect the students.