近代日本時期良妻賢母思想之形成與展開 －以『女大學之研究』為中心－

Abstract

本論文以1909年開辦的研討會「女大學之研究」為中心，研究近代日本時期良妻賢母思想之形成與展開。 筆者以讀酒井順子寫的隨筆《儒教與敗犬》（2009）為開始研究。本書提出儒教性的傳統家族觀和現代的男女平等思想發生齟齬、引起晩婚化和少子化在東亞的假説。另外、作者推定現代人潛在的傳統女性觀是，從江戸時代出版的女訓書『女大學』由來。 本書作者認為，現代的「男性做工作、女性在家庭」的觀念的起源就是從江戸時代出版的『女大学』來的，而且這個觀念引起了現代的女性問題的想法，筆者認為很有意思。不過，讀相關的資料中遇到了一個小山静子的學說：傳統女性觀是從1897 ～1906（明治30年代）成立的良妻賢母思想而來。所以，筆者關注良妻賢母思想的實態、『女大學』和良妻賢母思想的關係這兩點。 『女大學』是江戶時代出版的，教出嫁給他家的女兒如何當良妻的教訓書。良妻賢母思想是當良妻幫助丈夫，當賢母養育和教育小孩的理想女性圖像。女性守護家庭、做好妻子或母親的本份。於是可關注，成立良妻賢母思想之前，《女大學》已被重複討論過。其中一個就是、跟政府有關係的哲學者井上哲次郎，邀請九個教授來開辦研討會「女大學之研究」（1909）。 筆者懷疑，當時雖然女子教育之理念的良妻賢母思想成立後，女子修身教科書也多數已經出版了，但是為何開辦這個研討會，並且重新討論《女大學》。本論文預測因剛成立的良妻賢母思想未能充分普及成為女子教育的理念；再加上，需要把良妻賢母思想改編成比較適合日本社會；因此，這個研討會「女大學之研究」擔任重要的角色在改編的過程中。 於是，筆者根據考察這個研討會、時代背景和良妻賢母思想的變遷，查明研究當時教育者面對的問題和《女大學》重新被討論的理由。並且，以井上哲次郎的女子修身教科書為參考，具體分析研討會「女大學之研究」參加者的論說來考察，明治時代後期的女子教育的擴張和被改編的近代女子教育狀況。從而，以下如此查明關於這個研討會的內容・開辦目的・意義這三點。

在研討會「女大學之研究」裡，參加者從不同視點議論《女大學》，驗證對福澤的《女大學》的批判；結果，不能全盤否定《女大學》，畢竟當時根據家族制度的日本社會裡，此書的道德性還是必要。因《女大學》裡太強調男女差別，所以被反對導入到推行女子教育，但是為了女性當養育對國家可以貢獻的人材的母親，此書裡的道德性對國家意識是必要的。 透過分析查明了研討會「女大學之研究」開辦的三個目的：第一個是，各女學校沒有徹底的思想教育，因此女子教育的方向需要統一成良妻賢母思想。第二個是，為了發揮良妻賢母思想必要《女大學》裡的道德性。第三個是，一般父母要求比較傳統的女性像，導入《女大學》可理解女學校。換句話說，這個研討會是，為了統一良妻賢母思想、維持家族體制，需要『女大學』裡的當成家庭的女性的規範儒教性的道德導入在女子教育裡。 還有關於前述提過的兩個疑問，結論如下：首先，明治三十年代時的良妻賢母思想就是，根據女性要在家庭裡，當良妻幫助丈夫，當賢母教育小孩；女性是透過家庭的角色才能貢獻國家或社會（間接的），是跟男性同等的立場。不過這個觀念是如次從前的研究已查明，後來變成女生也可以工作，而且可以運用女性的特質來直接的貢獻國家或社會，事實上的當了男性同等的立場。並且，明確了近代良妻賢母思想的變遷的過程中，江戶時代的《女大學》裡的儒家的道德也被運用的事實。 In this paper, constitution and development of “The Ryosaikenbo idea” (良妻賢母 = good wife and wise mother) in modern Japan, a focus on symposium “The research of Onnadaigaku(女大学)” in 1909 was studied. The writer aimed at these two points, the reality of “The Ryosaikenbo idea”, and the relationship between “Onnadaigaku” and “The Ryosaikenbo idea”.“Onnadaigaku” is the female instruction note on which rules as wives, was written for girls who marries in to another family in the Edo period. “The Ryosaikenbo idea” is to be the ideal image of a woman who helps their husband as a good wife and educates their child as a wise mother. The writer focused on the case of “Onnadaigaku” which was discussed many times before “The Ryosaikenbo idea” was established. And one of that is symposium “The research of Onnadaigaku”(1909) which was held by Philosopher Tetsujiro Inoue of an administration official. He invited nine professors of female education for this symposium. Even though “The Ryosaikenbo idea,” an idea of female education, was established along with the publication of female ethics textbooks, “Onnadaigaku” was brought up for argument again in this symposium. It seems that the idea of female education during those days was unable to spread sufficiently due to establishment of “The thought of Ryosaikenbo.” For this reason, it was necessary to reorganize and come up with a new idea that was suitable for the Japanese society. Therefore a writer thought it was this symposium on “The research of Onnadaigaku” that played an important role for the reorganization process. However, how the realities, background and process of the symposium was able to help establish “The Ryosaikenbo idea” weren’t discussed clearly Therefore the symposium on “The research of Onnadaigaku” was considered by writing, the background was made clear and was based on “The Ryosaikenbo idea” changing, and thus we found the problem educators were faced with in those days, and the reason that “Onnadaigaku” was discussed again. Moreover we clarify that female education in the Meiji latter period analyzed participant's editorial of a symposium, “The research of Onnadaigaku”, specifically by making reference to Tetsujiro Inoue's female ethics textbook, and developed, and the state from which it’s changing was considered. We clarify three points, the contents, the holding purpose and a point was made clear about this symposium by doing that.