西北中國灌溉工程與中外技術合作：涇惠渠與民生渠（1922-1942）

Abstract

本文討論跨國組織與中國合作推動的現代化建設，並以陝西省涇惠渠與綏遠省民生渠為個案。兩起工程的特殊性在於，其先後歷經著名跨國組織華洋義賑會與國際聯盟的參與，並由中國首屈一指的水利工程師李儀祉（1883-1938）、塔德（Oliver J. Todd, 1880-1973）與安立森（Sigurd A. Eliassen, 1884-1960）等中外專家主持。在外籍專家與本土工程師合力投入下，兩工程被視為當時中國現代灌溉工程的模範，更是1930年代國民政府推動的開發西北計畫中，少數付諸實踐的個案。本文使用全國經濟委員會與國際聯盟的檔案，及華洋義賑會與西北在地報刊等各種中外史料，強調跨國組織和中外工程師在中國現代化過程中的意義，聚焦於中外水利技術合作、西北水利建設與在華跨國工程組織等研究面相，討論1930年代的社會因素變化，如何使陝西與綏遠兩省的水利發展，藉現代技術之力突破瓶頸，以及工程過程中的合作、挑戰與成果。此外兩工程涉及華洋義賑會與國際聯盟，兩個跨國組織參與的特色，更使雙方在合作過程中因工程專業，與利益考量產生摩擦。本文透過涇惠渠與民生渠個案，呈現1930年代中國現代建設要點之一的開發西北，並非全然歸功於國民政府，以及中外工程師、國際組織與地方勢力的合作，在開發西北水利過程中的重要影響。This thesis examines modernization projects promoted through collaboration with transnational organizations during the era of the Kuomintang Government. It focuses on two specific cases: the Weipei Irrigation Project in Shaanxi Province and the Saratsi Irrigation Project in Suiyuan Province. Their involvement with prominent transnational organizations, including the China International Famine Relief Commission (CIFRC) and the League of Nations, distinguishes these irrigation projects. Both projects were overseen by renowned hydraulic engineers in China, such as Li Hsi (1883-1938), Oliver J. Todd (1880-1973), and Sigurd A. Eliassen (1884-1960). Through the collaboration of foreign experts and local engineers, these two projects not only served as models of modern irrigation engineering in China but also stood as rare practical cases within the Northwestern development trend promoted by the Kuomintang Government in the 1930s. This thesis draws upon a wide range of historical sources, including archives from the National Economic Council, the League of Nations, and local newspapers, to emphasize the significance of transnational organizations and collaboration between Chinese and foreign engineers in China's modernization process. It challenges the prevailing nationalist narratives of Chinese modernization history. It contributes to ongoing discussions on Sino-foreign cooperation in hydraulic technology, transnational engineering organizations in China, and hydraulic development in northwestern China. The study also explores the evolving social factors of the 1930s to elucidate how Shaanxi and Suiyuan provinces overcame obstacles in their water resource development by utilizing modern hydraulic technology and collaborative efforts. Additionally, the distinctive features of the collaboration between the CIFRC and the League of Nations highlight the tensions that emerged between the two transnational organizations due to differences in engineering expertise and conflicting interests. This thesis argues that the development of the Northwestern region of China was not solely due to the efforts of the Kuomintang Government but was influenced by the concerns of Chinese and foreign engineers, international organizations, and local forces.