《禮記•檀弓》喪禮研究

Abstract

「死」是人生中勢必面對的課題，在面對死亡真正降臨時，難免產生恐懼否認等抗拒心態，即便接受死亡，也會因失去至親之人而產生痛苦。為此，人們設計了一系列漫長又繁複的程序，以反覆提醒自己親友逝去的真相，並藉此時機盡情發洩悲傷的情緒。這樣的程序，便是所謂喪禮。〈檀弓〉除收錄與喪禮有關的禮儀雜鈔，亦記載孔子、孔門子弟以及時人與喪禮相關的事件。相較於《儀禮》僅錄儀式流程，《禮記》他篇大多單純陳述禮義與零碎禮儀規範，〈檀弓〉的時事紀錄使得後世讀者能一窺春秋戰國時期人們辦喪事的實際情形，而非只是通過禮文揣摩，有助於對當時喪葬禮節與時人喪禮觀的理解。但現有先秦喪禮研究中，少有對〈檀弓〉喪禮思想的深入探討，為先秦喪禮研究的一個空缺，因此本研究對〈檀弓〉中的喪禮文本做全面性的分析，了解〈檀弓〉反映的時代背景、〈檀弓〉論述喪禮的特殊之處，以及〈檀弓〉的喪禮核心思想。本文一共分為七章。第一章為緒論，第二章分析〈檀弓〉成篇的時代背景，第三至五章將〈檀弓〉的喪禮記載依探討的內容分為喪禮器物、喪禮儀式以及服喪規範三個類別，分析歸納各類別中討論的主題、主題中涉及哪些禮義思想，以及〈檀弓〉解讀喪禮儀節規範的角度，並從生活故事中窺見春秋戰國時期喪禮的樣貌。第六章整合第三至五章的分析成果，探討〈檀弓〉的喪禮思想。第七章為結論。經過分析，〈檀弓〉編成的時間，恰逢東周禮崩樂壞的時期，當時的人重視利益競爭，罔顧人倫親情，促使儒者試圖通過恢復禮制以穩定社會。由於當時人們對倫理親情的漠視，〈檀弓〉在解析喪禮時特別關注喪禮中蘊含的情意與親疏尊卑之義，又因東周政局時動盪不安，〈檀弓〉亦特別關注變禮與非禮。而〈檀弓〉的喪禮核心精神，本文歸結出以下三點：應盡孝心與哀敬之情；當明辨親疏尊卑之義；應有關懷、體恤他人的思想。“Death” is an inevitable issue in life. When facing the real arrival of death, it is inevitable to have the resistance mentality of fear and denial. Even if you accept death, you will suffer from the loss of your loved ones. To this end, people designed a series of long and complex procedures to repeatedly remind their relatives and friends of the truth, and take this opportunity to vent their grief. Such procedure is called funeral.In addition to the ceremonial banknotes related to funerals, “Tan Gong(檀弓) ”also records the events related to funerals of Confucius, the disciples of Confucius and contemporary people. Compared with the Book of Etiquette and Rites(儀禮) which only recorded ritual, and most of the other articles in the Book of Rites(禮記) simply stated the meaning of rites and the fragmented norms of etiquette, the current record of “Tan Gong” enables the readers to have a glimpse of the actual situation of People's funeral affairs in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, and helps them to understand the funeral etiquette and the view of Contemporary People's funeral. However, there are few in-depth studies on the idea of “Tan Gong”, which is a vacancy in the study of pre-qin funeral. Therefore, this study makes a comprehensive analysis of the funeral texts in “Tan Gong” to understand the background of the times reflected by “Tan Gong” and the special features of “Tan Gong” on funeral, and the core idea of “Tan Gong”.This article is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, the second chapter analyzes the time background of the chapter of “Tan Gong”, in chapter 3 to 5, the funeral records of “Tan Gong” can be divided into three categories according to the contents discussed: funeral instruments, funeral ceremonies and rules of mourning, this paper analyzes and sums up the themes discussed in each category, the thoughts of etiquette and righteousness involved in the themes, and the interpretation of the norms of funeral rituals from the perspective of “Tan Gong”, and from the life stories to see the appearance of the funeral in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. The sixth chapter integrates the analysis results of the third to fifth chapters, and discusses the funeral thoughts of “Tan Gong”. Chapter Seven is the conclusion.Through analysis, the time when “Tan Gong” was edited coincided with the collapse of rites and music in the Eastern Zhou dynasty. Because of people's indifference to ethical kinship at that time, “Tan Gong” paid special attention to the meaning of affection and the sense of being close or distant, as well as the uneasiness of the political situation in the Eastern Zhou dynasty when it analyzed funerals, “Tan Gong” also pays special attention to ritual alteration and indecent assault. The core spirit of “Tan Gong” lies in the following three points: filial piety and respect should be performed; the sense of distinction between the close and the distant should be distinguished; and the thought of care and consideration should be given to others.