東方孝義《臺日新辭書》研究

Abstract

本文以東方孝義的臺語研究專著《臺日新辭書》（1931）為材料，探討日治時期東方孝義在臺灣語研究上所做的貢獻。《臺日新辭書》由東方孝義獨力編纂，部分內容受杉房之助《日臺新辭典》（1904）及小川尚義《日臺大辭典》（1907）影響。此外，本書為日治時期第一本收詞遍及臺灣北、中、南的臺語辭典，在音韻系統、漢字書寫、詞彙運用等層面均有開創。音韻方面，東方孝義具有卓越的審音能力，是日治時期最早使用第三套臺灣語假名的學者，其臺語假名系統在日本學者中獨樹一格。《臺日新辭書》的音系以廈門為主，並表現出漳、泉混合而偏漳的格局。此外，比較《臺日大辭典》（1931-32）與《臺日新辭書》的音系反映出臺灣南、北語音的落差。漢字方面，東方孝義具有深厚的日本漢學根柢，是日治時期第一個關注臺語漢字書寫的辭書作者。《臺日新辭書》的臺語漢字可概分為三類，與〈臺灣語之記述〉若合符節。大量使用訓讀字是本書漢字書寫「形音義不一致」與「書寫不連貫性」的主因。相較於《臺日大辭典》的漢字「典雅深厚」，《臺日新辭書》漢字展現「通俗實用」的特色。詞彙方面，《臺日新辭書》的詞彙來源多元、層次複雜，本書收詞特色反映臺灣的歷史、地理、語言、文化，及編者獨特的職務經歷。《臺日大辭典》收詞雖然廣泛齊全，但以臺北為主，欠缺中南部詞彙；《臺日新辭書》收詞涵蓋臺灣北、中、南，因此可補《臺日大辭典》之不足。《臺日新辭書》與《臺日大辭典》內容互相補足，結合二者，後人可以對日治中期臺灣閩南語的語音、詞彙建構完整的認知。因此，本文認為，《臺日新辭書》與《臺日大辭典》堪稱日治中期臺語研究的南北雙璧。The aim of this dissertation is to discuss Takayoshi Higashikata’s contribution to the Taiwanese language research during the Japanese colonial period in light of his Taiwanese-Japanese New Dictionary (1931). This dictionary was compiled by Higashikata independently, parts of which were influenced by Sugi Fusanosuke’s the Japanese-Taiwanese new dictionary (1904) and Naoyoshi Ogawa’s the Japanese-Taiwanese Grand Dictionary (1907). In addition, Higashikata’s dictionary is the first Taiwanese dictionary to cover the northern, central, and southern parts of Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period, thereby making it the pioneer in the aspect of the phonological system, Chinese character writing, and vocabulary usage.In terms of phonology, Higashikata has an excellent capability to examine sounds. He was the first scholar using the third set of Taiwanese Kana during the Japanese colonial period. His Taiwanese Kana system is distinctive, in sharp contrast to those of other Japanese scholars. The phonology of Taiwanese-Japanese New Dictionary is dominated by Xiamen, demonstrating a pattern of mixed Zhangzhou and Quanzhou and Bias to Zhangzhou. Moreover, comparing the phonology of Taiwan-Japanese Grand Dictionary（1931-32）and Taiwanese-Japanese new Dictionary, we can differentiate the southern phonetics from the northern ones in Taiwanese.In light of Chinese characters, Higashikata has a solid foundation in Japanese Sinology, and was the first dictionary author paying attention to the writing of the Taiwanese Chinese characters during the Japanese colonial period. The Taiwanese Chinese characters in the Taiwanese-Japanese New Dictionary is roughly threefold, consistent with Description of Taiwanese Language. The extensive use of Xundu characters（訓讀字）is the main reason for the “inconsistency in form, sound and meaning” and “incoherence in writing” in writing Chinese characters in this dictionary. Compared with the “elegant and profound” Chinese characters in the Taiwanese-Japanese Grand Dictionary, those in the Taiwanese-Japanese New Dictionary indicate the characteristics of “popularity and practicality.”Concerning vocabulary, the sources of vocabulary in Taiwanese-Japanese New Dictionary are diverse and complex. The characteristics of vocabulary in this dictionary reflect Taiwanese history, geography, language, culture, and the unique job experience of the editor. Although the Taiwanese-Japanese Grand Dictionary has a wide range of vocabulary, it mainly concentrates on Taipei and lacks vocabulary commonly used in the central and southern regions; The Taiwanese-Japanese New Dictionary, on thecontrary, covers the northern, central, and southern parts of Taiwan, thus augmenting the Taiwanese-Japanese Grand Dictionary.The contents of the Taiwanese-Japanese New Dictionary and the Taiwanese-Japanese Grand Dictionary complement each other. Combining the two, future generations can construct a complete understanding of the pronunciation and vocabulary of Taiwanese Hokkien in the middle period of Japanese colonization. Therefore, this research contends that Taiwanese-Japanese New Dictionary and Taiwanese-Japanese Grand Dictionary can be referred to as “the north and south double Jade” of Taiwanese studies in themidst of the Japanese colonial period.