北宋對夏戰略變遷與影響之研究（1038-1127）

Abstract

北宋經常被認為是消極、傾向防禦的朝代，與漢、唐等外向型朝代截然不同，著重對內穩定，不求對外有所作為。因此，「消極防禦」、「守內虛外」等看法便用以概括宋代。 本文旨在透過宋夏戰爭分析北宋的戰略計畫、執行與變遷，觀察其目的、目標、手段，而不是以現代的框架作分析。皇帝意志、地理形勢、政府制度、財政等因素都對朝廷的討論有所影響。另外，實行戰略計畫需要朝廷、地方、將領之間的協作，其發想及推行不是純粹由上而下的命令而已。 從宋仁宗到宋徽宗，北宋對夏戰略從防衛目的、會戰為主的手段，轉變為進取、以求消滅西夏的目的，配以消耗手段，最後在手段上再回到會戰為主。由於不同皇帝、執政者有著不同的看法，因此軍事戰略及對戰爭的態度會有所變遷，不會只有單一看法。以往被視為反對戰爭、崇尚防守的儒家文化，甚至可用作推動戰爭。在沒有科技突破和大幅增兵的情況下，北宋後期因戰略變化得以改變形勢。總括而言，在對外關係、財政狀況、政治意識形態的變動下，加上對儒家文化及祖宗之法的不同詮釋，守勢並非北宋的優先選項，「消極防禦」等看法未能充分說明宋代的對外關係及軍事戰略。

The war on Tangut Xixia is one of the major conflicts of the Northern Song dynasty. The Northern Song, when compared with the Han and Tang dynasty, had been regarded as a defensive and inactive dynasty, which prioritize domestic stability rather than initiating foreign affairs, with several battlefield defeat records. Thus, in previous scholars' view, the strategies of the Northern Song on the adversaries were generalized in a passive and defensive trait. This thesis aims to analyze strategic planning, execution, and its transition of the Northern Song, by taking the war on Xixia as a case, but not an operational perspective in the modern sense. In order to do so, this thesis concerns the ends, objectives, and means of Northern Song. The Northern Song officials did not plan and execute strategies in modern "rational" terms, but theirown terms in their own perspective.Numerous factors——including the emperor's will, geographic conditions, government institutions, and political factions——influenced the strategic discourse on the court. On the other hand, the execution needs cooperation between the central government, circuit intendants, and generals. The Northern Song's military strategy on Xixia transited from defensive ends by means of pitched battle to offensive ends by attrition military means and at last, swung back to prioritizing pitched battle means again. There were different purposes for different emperors and administrators, therefore the dynasty’s military strategy and attitude on warfare changes. Without a dramatic development on technology or increase in the frontier army size, the late Northern Song created a more favorable, or at least a more balanced, military situation between Song and Xixia through different strategies from previous eras. With the changes in foreign affairs, fiscal capability, political culture ideology, and the different usage of Confucianism by officials, defensive strategies were not always prioritized in the Northern Song dynasty.