臺灣戒嚴時期的翻譯文學與政治：以《拾穗》為研究對象

Abstract

本研究探討翻譯文學與政治之間的關係，關注的焦點在於政權如何影響譯者結構、翻譯選材、翻譯策略。以《拾穗》為例，該刊為臺灣戒嚴時期第一份純翻譯的綜合性刊物，1950年5月由國營企業中國石油公司高雄煉油廠勵進分會創刊，1989年4月停刊，39年來執行國策不輟，共出版462期，譯介翻譯文學1,218篇，多為臺灣首見中譯，部份成為各家出版社翻印源頭，流傳甚廣，為當時舊譯充斥的臺灣譯壇帶來新譯，見證了臺灣戒嚴時期的翻譯文學史，記錄了國民黨政權與被統治者之間的互動和交流，但由於學界對於臺灣戒嚴時期的雜誌翻譯研究不盛，當時譯者又多以筆名發表，譯文出處亦不清，故而向來乏人研究。 本研究以這462期的《拾穗》為研究對象，聚焦在其翻譯文學成果，共查出1,048篇譯文出處、確認95位譯者身份，以此為基礎觀察該刊如何在戒嚴時期執行國民黨政權的國策，藉以探討政治對翻譯文學的影響。《拾穗》作為國民黨政權針對自由中國讀者發行的刊物，其參與人士、翻譯內容、譯介手法皆與國民黨政權在戒嚴時期的語言政策、外交政策、文藝政策息息相關。國民黨政權於1948年底開始撤退到剛脫離接受日本統治半世紀的臺灣，面對島上分歧的溝通和思想體系，1949年5月發佈戒嚴令，以高壓語言政策和文藝政策建構有別於日本和共產中國的溝通和思想體系，以凝聚島上人民的國族意識，在外交政策上則於韓戰爆發後繼續接受美國援助，雙方以「反共」為前提展開合作，形塑出臺灣「自由中國」的形象，以對抗「共產中國」的對岸大陸。1950年創刊的《拾穗》為建構過程的一環，起初以隨國民黨政府來臺的軍公教人員為翻譯主力推行國語，並透過優渥的稿酬來鼓勵臺籍人士投稿練習中文，其後臺籍譯者的崛起或可視為被統治者對於政府語言政策的正面回應。在翻譯選材方面，由於國民黨政府親美的外交政策，《拾穗》翻譯的文學作品39年來以美國文學獨大，並且大抵透過美國出版品轉譯西方文學，後期因退出聯合國和中美斷交，沉潛的日本文學逐漸佔有一席之地。此外，為配合反共抗俄的文藝政策，《拾穗》的副文本可見反赤傾向，翻譯策略多用節譯、減譯和歸化，一則透過剪裁凸顯原文反共親美之處，二則以透明流暢的譯文灌輸人民當局思想。由此案例觀之，戒嚴時期的政治環境左右了翻譯文學的參與人士、原文來源和翻譯策略。《拾穗》的翻譯文學雖不似文學創作那般明目張膽，卻在不知不覺中對被統治者潛移默化，收其執行國策之實效。This study discusses the relationship between literary translation and politics, with its focus on how political power affects the make-up of translators, translation materials and translation strategies. The martial law period in Taiwan saw the first translation monthly published when Shí Suì (The Gleaners) was founded by the staff of the state-owned Chinese Petroleum Corporation in Kaohsiung. The publication lasted 462 issues from May 1950 till April 1989 when the editors and translators were promoting national policies and publishing 1,218 pieces of literary translation. Most of the works were first translated into Chinese and some were pirated by other publishing houses ceaselessly. With such wide circulation and long publication, The Gleaners introduced new translations of foreign literatures to the island where pirated translations had been rampant, and it witnessed the history of literary translation during the martial law period, recording the interaction and communication between the ruled and the ruler. Nevertheless, due to the fact that the studies on translation magazines published during martial law era have been rare and that most of the translation pieces in The Gleaners were published under pseudonyms without mentioning their sources, little research has been carried out on the magazine so far. In this study, 462 issues of The Gleaners have been collected, the sources of 1,048 translated pieces have been located, and 95 translators have been identified. On the basis of the solid documentation, the paper observes the monthly’s execution of national policies and analyses the effect of politics on translated literature. As a magazine sponsored by the KMT regime and aimed at readers in Free China, its participants, contents, and translation strategies are all closely related to the language policy, foreign policy, and literature policy of the KMT regime. The regime retreated in late 1948 to the island, where the rule of Japanese had just ended and both the language people had used and the ideology people had accepted differed tremendously from the new ruler. In order to create a Mandarin-speaking and right-wing country that was different from Japan in language and different from Communist China in ideology, the martial law was declared in May 1949, with the aim to unite nationalist consciousness of the people on the island under this rigid rule. As for its foreign policy, the KMT regime continued to accept American aid after the outbreak of the Korean War and joined the anti-communist crusade, where R.O.C. was touted as Free China fighting against Communist China across the strait. The Gleaners was founded in this historical context. Most of its contributors in the beginning were the Chinese immigrants who assisted in implementing the language policy and received considerable remuneration. The increase in the population of Taiwanese translators in the later period may be regarded as positive response of the ruled to the regime’s language policy. With regard to its translation materials, besides a large number of its translated pieces of world literature relayed through American publications, American literature also accounted for a large percentage of the translated works in the monthly as a result of the regime's pro-US foreign policy and of its struggle to stay in the United Nations. After the ROC left the UN and its diplomatic relation with the US officially ended, the publication saw a rise in percentage of the translated works from Japanese literature. Furthermore, in line with the KMT regime’s Anti-communism and pro-American literature policy, the anti-communist motif could be found in the paratexts of The Gleaners while domestication and abridgement became its main translation strategies to highlight the Anti-communism and pro-American theme in the original and to infuse the ideology through fluent rendition. As the case has shown, the political environment during the martial law period influences the make-up of translators, the selection of originals and the translation strategies used in literary translation. The ideological message embedded in the translated works of The Gleaners might not be as overt as that in writings, but the monthly did implement the national policies and assimilated the ruled in a subtle, covert way.