《漢書．藝文志》的學術思想史觀建構之研究

Abstract

西漢晚期，劉向、歆父子領校群書，撰有《別錄》、《七略》，而後班固刪省《七略》，成《漢書．藝文志》。本文試圖回歸《漢書》本身、〈藝文志〉本身，紬繹文理，重新認識全篇原始意蘊，探索〈藝文志〉是什麼，或者不只是什麼。相較過往研究著重釋例、考證，分析所謂意識型態，本文力求檢討「這樣寫的效果」，而不劈頭評價「這樣寫對不對」；揭示各序所述學術源流的共同指向及其敘事策略，並以全志視角觀照書目、小序的組織結構。由是指出，〈藝文志〉並非純為既有圖書目錄的簡編本，也非後來意義的館藏目錄、知見書目。從《七略》起，這份文本先後經歷「序文意旨」、「校書故事」、「《漢書．敘傳》定位」三層建構。今日所見〈藝文志〉，實已奪胎換骨，是班固假目錄之體、分類之力，借國朝收書校書之業，斷取傳世典籍之義，作為《漢書》十志之一，意在建構一種理想盛世的歷史圖像、王者再臨當如是也的學術史觀，進而闡明、期許漢朝當日政教之最佳走向。In late Western Han, Liu Hsiang (劉向) and Liu Hsin (劉歆) oversaw the collation of reserve writings within the imperial archives, producing the Pieh lu (別錄, Separate Listings) and the Ch'i lueh (七略, Seven Surveys). Later, Pan Ku (班固) pared down the Ch'i lueh to create the Han-shu i-wen chih (漢書藝文志, Treatise on Arts and Letters in the History of the Han). This study aims to reinterpret the original significance of the “I-wen chih,” by delving into the textual structure of the Han-shu and the “I-wen chih.” It seeks to explore what the “I-wen chih” is, or perhaps what it might also be. In contrast to previous research that has emphasized classificatory principles, philological analysis, or examination of ideology, this study endeavors to examine the narrative effects, rather than immediately evaluate its correctness. It aims to reveal the common scholarly views outlined in the summaries and their narrative strategies, while also examining the organizational structure of the entries and summaries from the perspective of the entire treatise.Thus, this study reveals that the “I-wen chih” is neither a mere abbreviated version of received book catalogues, nor a library catalogue or a known bibliography in the later sense. From the Ch'i lueh onward, this text has undergone three layers of construction: the “purpose of summaries,” the “story of textual criticism,” and the “definition revealed in the Han-shu hsu-chuan (敘傳, Afterword and Family History).” It was a metamorphosis from Ch'i lueh to “I-wen chih.” Based on the form of a catalogue, the power of classification, the state’s efforts in collecting and collating books, and the meanings derived from transmitted texts, Pan Ku crafted the text as one of the ten treatises inthe Han-shu. His intention was to construct an ideal historical image of a golden age, embodying an intellectual historical view that envisions the return of the sage-king. Through this, Pan Ku sought to clarify and advocate the optimal direction for the Han dynasty.