援經擬古與徵經辨誤‧用夏變夷與正名尊內 ──豬飼敬所《操觚正名》析論

Abstract

本文藉由考察豬飼敬所《操觚正名》，針對其為何須要正名？為誰辨正？針對何人而辨？又所辨者何？如何辨正？所據文獻與所持理由為何？乃至其中蘊涵何種思想等一連串問題，進行探討。首先介紹敬所其人生平、學風與著述，繼而指出《操觚正名》之撰作動機，主要在批駁徂徠學派學者一味擬漢模唐，乃至剽竊杜撰，欲藉之用夏變夷之謬誤所在。進而說明敬所藉由逐一詳舉其誤用之語詞條目，精審辨正其誤謬，藉之導正風氣，正名撥亂，而其所辨內容可分為：（一）誤稱日本國名、（二）私改日本各地地名、（三）誤稱官職、（四）稱人有誤、（五）自稱有誤等五大類。同時說明其所採辨正方法，是以徵經考證法以破「古文辭」法，已見江戶古注學派之折衷考證學風，堪稱開幕末考證學派之先河。最後指出《操觚正名》一書所欲傳達之思想內涵，堪稱是反徂徠學、尊皇敬幕、華夷變態之統合。而敬所辨正徂徠學派謬誤，與其撰書之主要目的及核心精神，則在尊內、尊皇，主張以「和」為主／內，以「漢」為客／外，並強調日本乃真正之「中國」。而尊內之法就在名當、禮正，則足以辨位、辨道；不夷、不華則可尊內、尊皇，不致喪失日本萬世一系、足稱「中國」之「國體」主體性。This paper focuses on Igai Keisyo’s Souko Syomei, includes the problems of its purpose, object, contents, method and justification. His motive of writing Souko Syomei was to criticize the plagiarism and fabrication of Sorai School. Igai listed Sorai School’s misapplication on country name and place names of Japan, official position and salutation of other and self. He used the textual method to the breach classical literature method and established the precedent on textual criticism in the end of Edo Period. Souko Syomei is the combination of anti-sorai and patriotism. The purpose of Igai’s writing is to respect the Mikado of Japan, to make Japan as subject and China as object, and to emphasize that Japan is the real “China” (the central). By correcting the name and manner and cancelling the respectively of China and barbarian in East Asia (the central and the edge), the subjectivity of the state system of Japan can be protected.