登百岳之危機管理

Abstract

登山活動在臺灣蓬勃發展，百岳路線成為熱門選擇。登山過程中充滿高度挑戰與潛在危機，例如天氣劇變、迷路、落石及人為失誤等，稍有不慎便可能造成生命安全威脅。儘管過去已有許多登山風險預防研究，對於登山危機起因、實際應對措施及管理策略的討論仍相對有限，亦未深入探討制度規範對危機影響之適配性。本研究旨在探討臺灣百岳登山常見的危機類型及管理策略，訪談七位具豐富經驗之登山管理者，將危機歸納為內部危機 (經驗不足、體能不支、裝備與資訊不足) 及外部危機 (天候劇變、地貌改變、濃霧、落石等自然因素) ，並進一步分析不同類型團隊 (商業團、自組團) 在危機處理上的差異性。透過半結構式訪談以主題分析深入登山者之實務經驗，探討危機發生前 (事前準備) 、危機發生時 (應變處置) 及危機發生後 (檢討反思) 三階段之具體措施。研究結果指出，登山常見的危機事件多源於登山者經驗不足與風險意識薄弱，事前充足的準備如離線地圖、體能訓練與裝備查核，能有效降低危機發生之可能性。危機發生時應採取冷靜果斷的應變措施如立即避難、資源盤點、果斷撤退避免情勢惡化；事後從經驗中學習改進。此外現行登山規範雖立意良善，但在實務運作中存規範不一致等問題且嚮導證制度實務落差大造成管理效率低。強調落實風險自負原則、推廣使用者付費機制，並透過制度整合與教育扎根，提升登山安全意識與環境保育觀念。綜合上述，本研究建議主管機關應統合規範、強化登山教育並完善相關制度設計，建構以使用者付費為基礎的商業模式，促進臺灣登山活動的安全性與可持續性。Mountaineering has grown increasingly popular in Taiwan, particularly among the Baiyue (Hundred Peaks). Significant risks such as severe weather, disorientation, rockfalls, and human errors continue to threaten climbers' safety. Research on crisis management remains limited, especially regarding policy alignment.This study identifies common crises and management strategies through interviews with seven experienced mountaineers. Crises include internal factors such as insufficient experience, physical exhaustion, inadequate equipment, and external factors like severe weather, terrain changes, fog, and rockfalls. Differences between commercial and self-organized groups were also analyzed.Thematic analysis outlined effective management practices across three phases: preparation, immediate response, and post-crisis review. Results highlight inadequate experience and low risk awareness as primary crisis causes. Key preparations include offline maps, physical training, and equipment checks. Decisive actions such as seeking shelter and timely retreat are critical during crises.Despite existing regulations, practical inconsistencies persist. This study recommends unified regulations, enhanced mountaineering education, and a sustainable user-pay model to improve mountaineering safety in Taiwan.