南宋的海權概念與實際
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2010
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目前學界對宋代水上活動的研究，多著重在宋廷與海外的經貿文化交流或水上武力進行討論，綜合的研究則較為有限。本文以馬漢的海權論為主體，並藉由前人的研究成果以及相關史料，發現自宋代建國之初，宋廷朝野即已因戰略、經濟的需要，在施政上已經出現許多近世海權國家的概念，這種具海洋特色的發展一直維持到南宋。到了高宗朝一始，宋廷因為北宋已經建立的海權要素，得以持續發展，特別是在水軍的運用上，宋軍的指揮、戰術、後備動員等方面都有海權概念的影子，讓南宋水軍在抵抗金國陸上強大武力中發揮了相當大的功效，也讓宋廷漸漸形成一套由政府帶頭的國家海權體系。其後的孝宗、光宗寧宗三朝，宋廷朝野雖延續了先前的海權概念，也對於維持制海投入了相當的力量，但由於長年自然環境的破壞，加上未能有效處理國家海權的高額成本，讓宋人的海權相關建設出現難以為繼的情形，人員素質開始低落，從而影響了宋水軍的作戰規模。到了理宗、度宗朝，宋廷一方面得面對更不利海權發展的自然環境，另一方面又得處理來自於蒙古的挑戰，在此內憂外患之下，宋廷的海權概念發展以及建設已經岌岌可危，而宋廷卻在此時陷入了與蒙古在兩淮的消耗戰。消耗戰最終導致河防要地襄陽的淪陷做結束，讓蒙古軍順江而下，此時理當扮演宋廷最後防線的水軍部隊卻由於戰術錯誤，損失慘重，當元軍逼近臨安時已經無力再戰。首都淪陷後，宋廷已經無法繼續維持制海優勢，終於崖山戰敗後滅亡。
At present research of the Song Dynasty's aquatic activity, many emphatically carries on the discussion in Song government and the overseas economics and trade cultural exchange , or the naval force, the synthesis research is more limited. This article discusses by A.T Mahan’s sea power theory as the main body, and because of predecessor's research results as well as the related historical data, discovered that Song Dynasty because of strategic, the economical need, already presented many sea power concept, this kind of sea characteristic's development has maintained the Southern Song Dynasty. Later as time to Gao Zong, the Song government started develop their sea power policy, this is because the Northern Song Dynasty already established the thalassocracy essential factor, can the sustained development, specially in the naval, the Song navy defeated Jin navy at 1161 A.D, it’s let the Song govement form a set gradually the national sea power system which took the lead by the government. But as a result of the elder natural environment's destruction, and the Song government has not been able to process the national sea power effectively in addition the high cost, it lets the situation which the Song government’s sea power related construction, the personnel quality start lowly, thus has affected the Songnavy.At late Song, the Song government suffered attack by Yuan Dynasty, it’s cause Song Dynasty’s ending.
At present research of the Song Dynasty's aquatic activity, many emphatically carries on the discussion in Song government and the overseas economics and trade cultural exchange , or the naval force, the synthesis research is more limited. This article discusses by A.T Mahan’s sea power theory as the main body, and because of predecessor's research results as well as the related historical data, discovered that Song Dynasty because of strategic, the economical need, already presented many sea power concept, this kind of sea characteristic's development has maintained the Southern Song Dynasty. Later as time to Gao Zong, the Song government started develop their sea power policy, this is because the Northern Song Dynasty already established the thalassocracy essential factor, can the sustained development, specially in the naval, the Song navy defeated Jin navy at 1161 A.D, it’s let the Song govement form a set gradually the national sea power system which took the lead by the government. But as a result of the elder natural environment's destruction, and the Song government has not been able to process the national sea power effectively in addition the high cost, it lets the situation which the Song government’s sea power related construction, the personnel quality start lowly, thus has affected the Songnavy.At late Song, the Song government suffered attack by Yuan Dynasty, it’s cause Song Dynasty’s ending.
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南宋, 海權, 水戰, 水軍, Southern Song, sea power, naval battle, navy