體操技術報告-以100年全國大專校院運動會郭楓伶選手高低槓項目為例

Abstract

體操選手生涯就是，追求「難、新、穩、美、力」等五大致勝因素，而選手必須經多年循序漸進的系統化學習及辛苦的訓練方能有所成就。希望在一場賽事獲得佳績必定要經過謹慎的計畫：事前謹慎的分析、訂定完善的訓練計畫、確實執行訓練計畫內容，每一件事都是環環相扣的，看似容易，但執行計畫卻是一項，需要非常大的毅力，方能堅持完成。本報告以郭楓伶選手參加100年全國大專運動會女子個人高低槓項目比賽為例，將訓練與比賽過程與結果進行紀錄與分析，希望能從中找出優缺點，作為往後教練選手訓練的參考。以下各章節之重點介紹：第壹章個案描述：郭楓伶選手國小開始練體操，經由各階段教練隨競賽年齡規畫訓練內容。第貳章學理基礎：競技體操選手的主要能量來源為磷化物系統及乳酸系統，運動持續時間相對約30秒至40秒，因此體能訓練部分，提高人體內的肌肉量，對於體操選手將更為有利，在心理技能屬性方面，女子競技體操項目中的高低槓項目。在技術分類是屬於非連續性、閉索性、內在的運動項目。體能訓練部分發展柔軟度、協調性、肌力等專項體能提高運動技術水平。心理訓練部分則包括自我暗示、放鬆訓練、意象訓練、模擬訓練、專注力訓練等。技術訓練部分則包含了基本動作、單動作、聯合動作、成套及超成套等訓練方法。第参章訓練及參賽計畫：安排訓練計畫前，針對訓練特殊性及內外部環境S.W.O.T分析後擬定，本訓練計畫是以單峰周期劃分，透過定期的體能、心理、技術檢測後，調整下一階段的訓練內容。周期訓練內容規劃如下：體能部分提升腿部、腹部肌力；心理部分增強干擾控制的技巧；技術部份則須加強整套穩定性。在參賽計畫安排上，比賽從出發至結束時間共七天，期間安排了兩天成套訓練、一天模擬比賽訓練、兩天調整訓練、兩天比賽。第肆章訓練及參賽成果與建議：經由執行計畫後，比賽結果，未能達到目標設定，獲得冠軍。建議：選拔過程之建議：選拔裁判之人選、提早確認年度比賽行事曆；訓練過程之建議：勿操之過急、對新練動作的疑惑、體重控制、柔軟的身體姿態、聘請外籍教練；參賽過程之建議：提前確定開放練習的時間及完善的器材擺設、定期舉辦國際裁判研習。“Difficulty, advance, stability, beauty and power” are the five key factors that gymnasts consistently pursue in their gymnastic career. Players should learn and train systematically for many years to success. If one hopes to win the prize in the contest, the training process, including cautious analysis beforehand and holistic training plan, should be organized seriously and carry out persistently; every step is linked closely. A gymnast should have a strong will to finish the training, even though it seems easy. The report was on the example of gymnast Kuo, Feng-Ling, who participated in the National Intercollegiate Athletic 100 Women's Individual Uneven Bars Competition. The researcher wanted to discover the advantages and shortcomings by ways of analyzing the record of daily training, the process and the result of competition, providing a reference material for coaches training their athlete in the future. The following are the main points of each chapter: Chapter 1(Case Description): Player Kuo, Feng-Ling has practiced gymnastics since elementary school. Her training was based on the coaches in different ages. Chapter 2(Theoretical foundation): The two major sources providing energy to gymnastic players are the phosphide system and lactic acid system. (The relative exercise duration is about 30-40 seconds.) Gaining muscle mass would benefit gymnasts in terms of physical training. Technically, uneven bars is identified to be discontinuing, closed, and intrinsic motor skill. To develop flexibility, coordination and muscle strength in physical ability training can improve the standard of motor skill. In addition, mental training includes self-suggestion, relaxation training, imagery training, simulation training and attention training. Technical training section contains basic movements, single action, joint action, sets, super sets, and other training methods as well. Chapter 3(Training Program for Competition): SWOT Analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic conditions and the analysis of specific characteristics of training should be completed prior to the target training program, which was schemed based on the single-peak structure. According to the results of physical strength, psychological quality, and gymnastic skill tests, the objective of the 2nd stage of the training program was established as follows: physical strength stage for increasing the muscle strength of legs and abdomen; psychological skills stage for enhancing skill of concentration; technique stage for reinforcing the stability during the whole process. The competition took 7 days which involved two-day general training, one-day simulated training, two-day adjustment, and two-day competition. Chapter 4(The suggestions to the training and competition result): The competition result could not reach the target which was to get the champion after carrying out this plan. Suggestions to the course of trial: umpires selection should be confirm before the competition and the annual schedule for all competition should be announced earlier. Suggestions to course of training: be patient, practice the new movement circumspectly, maintain the shape of body, keep body posture flexible and hire foreign coaches. Suggestions to competition schedule: affirm the time opening for practice and make sure all the equipment is well-prepared, hold the International Umpire seminar regularly.