有無欄架對跨欄運動員動作表現之影響

Abstract

跨欄運動需結合跑步水平速度與良好的跨欄技術，快速跨越欄架抵達終點以取得勝利。跨欄運動員在比賽前的熱身以及在訓練中會以無欄架跨欄進行練習，模擬實際比賽動作，但無欄跨欄練習改變了工作限制，可能造成不同的跨欄動作。本研究的目的為探討欄架運動員在有無欄架跨欄之動作表現及協調型態之差異。方法：招募八位跨欄運動員，以有、無欄架兩種情境自起起跑線跨五個欄架，每情境兩次。兩台120fps攝影機拍攝第三欄架跨欄步，兩台30fps攝影機拍攝自二至四欄架兩個區間欄間步，Simi Motion擷取跨欄步的關節點三維數據。跨欄步時間分為三期。相依樣本t檢定檢驗跨欄步表現、各肢段關節垂直軸最高點、空中期時間與空中期角度變化量在有無欄架情境間之差異。三因子重複量數變異數分析檢驗欄間步距在有無欄架情境兩個區間三步間之差異。最後以角-角圖及主成分分析觀察動作協調差異。結果：無欄架情境於跨欄步速度與時間表現皆顯著優於有欄架情境；有欄架肢段關節直軸最高點多顯著高於無欄架情境；角度變化量攻欄/回收髖與攻欄膝有欄架顯著大於無欄架；跨欄步十個關節角度可縮減至二至三個主成分，解釋變異量皆達79%以上，且在攻欄髖、膝角角圖中觀察第一成分與第二成分動作趨勢的關係；成分分數圖與角角圖亦可觀察到有無欄架整體或兩兩肢段跨欄步過程協調異同。結論：無欄架訓練會導致選手動作無法與實際比賽接軌，建議選手及教練在未來盡量避免無欄架訓練，讓選手在訓練中符合真實比賽情況。Introduction: Hurdling requires a combination of running speed and proficient hurdling techniques to swiftly clear the hurdles and reach the finish line for victory. Athletes warm up before competitions and practice hurdle clearance without actual hurdles, simulating the actions in the race. However, practicing without hurdles alters task constraints and might lead to different movement patterns. Methods: Eight hurdlers were recruited and asked to hurdle over five hurdles from the starting line in two scenarios, with and without hurdles, performed twice each. Two 120fps cameras captured the hurdling stride at the third hurdle, and two 30fps cameras captured the interval strides between the second and fourth hurdles. Simi Motion captured the three-dimensional position data of 10 joints during the hurdling stride. The hurdling stride time was divided into three phases. Paired sample t-tests were conducted to examine differences in hurdling performance, the highest vertical position of each joint, airborne phase time, and changes in angles between scenarios with and without hurdles. Three-way repeated measures ANOVA analyzed differences in the interval stride length of two intervals and across three steps in both scenarios. Lastly, angle-angle plots and principal component analysis were used to observe differences in movement coordination. Results: Performances in hurdling speed and time were significantly better without hurdles compared to those with hurdles. The highest position of the vertical axis of the joints was significantly higher with hurdles. The changes in angles during hurdle lead/trail leg at the hip and knee were significantly greater with hurdles than without. The 10 joint angular displacements during the hurdling stride could be reduced to two to three principal components, explaining over 79% of the variance. Relationships between the first and second component trends were observed in the hip and knee lead leg angle-angle diagram. Both component score plots and angle-angle diagrams revealed overall and pairwise limb segment coordination differences in hurdling stride between scenarios with and without hurdles. Conclusion: Training without hurdles may lead to athletes' movements not aligning with competition conditions. It is recommended that athletes and coaches minimize training without hurdles to better prepare athletes for real competition situations.