大明土斷與劉宋地域政治

Abstract

東晉南朝實行十次土斷，學界多視其為解決流民戶籍和地方行政區域的重要政策，但卻鮮少注意南朝土斷的變化。本文試圖透過大明土斷，以期重新檢視南朝土斷的實態。宋孝武帝即位後，面對內憂外患的困境，採取「攘外必先安內」方針，先解決中央皇權的內部隱患，才能對外與北方政權抗衡。而大明土斷亦於此一政治背景下應運而生。從宋孝武帝初期軍事權力剖析，可見中央軍事力量過度依賴雍州地域，宋孝武帝遂與青徐力量合作，藉大明土斷共同牽制雍州地域。但大明土斷失敗也反映中央暫時沒有足夠能力控制地方，突顯南朝「主威獨運」的中央集權政策及其限度。通過大明土斷與東晉土斷比較研究，可以看到南朝土斷政策在功能上出現轉向，從過去東晉土斷政策以「經濟為主，政治為輔」的傾向，逐漸轉變為南朝土斷政策以「政治目標為主，經濟為輔」的形態。Eastern Jin and the Southern Dynasties implemented ten residence determinations in total. Previous scholars treated those actions were the crucial policy to settle the refugee households and local administration regions but rarely noticed the changes. This thesis investigates the significance of residence determinations of the Southern Dynasties, by taking the determination in the Daming period for instance. Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song, which faced troubles from both domestic and foreign, adopted the doctrine of internal security priority. The emperor intended to clear the domestic potential troubles before struggling with the northern regimes, this is the background of residence determination of Daming period. With the analysis of military power of the early days of Emperor Xiaowu, the over-reliance on Yong province by the central government is clear. The emperor, thus, implemented the residence determination in Daming period to contain the Yong province, with cooperation from Qing and Xu provinces. The failure of residence determination in Daming period, however, mirrored the central government’s inadequate to control local provinces in the short term. This uncovered the limitation of centralization in the Southern dynasties. The Southern Dynasties’ policies of residence determination varied when comparing with the Eastern Jin dynasty. The policies’ purpose, which was from economic in Eastern Jin, transformed to political in the Southern Dynasties afterward.ard.