與衛生觀念交織發展的空間——日治台北醫院建築研究

Abstract

本研究以台北醫院為對象，就其建築設計與其中援引所的衛生理論提出討論，範圍涵蓋1895年初創時設址的大稻埕街屋、1898年落成的木造院舍，以及1906年開始的磚造改建計畫。於各階段之臺北醫院建築，明顯受到當局營繕人才以及衛生理論發展之影響。 最初暫設於大稻埕街屋的臺北醫院，由於不潔環境與空間侷限問題，於1898年遷往建於東門內現址的木造院舍。木造時期臺北醫院設計，由陸軍出身的八島震所主導，因此延續同時期日本陸軍醫院所強調的分館式醫院配置作法，以平行排列於中庭兩側的病房配置，增進通風以維持潔淨。除臺北醫院外，陸軍與分館式醫院的關係同樣可說明同時期台灣其他衛戍醫院的配置安排。 儘管木造院舍於配置與構造上，皆針對衛生考量設計，但在台灣的濕熱環境之下，木造建物遭受白蟻嚴重侵襲，因此於1906年，當局便開始投入臺北醫院的磚造改建計劃，由東京大學畢業來台的近藤十郎技師負責主導，逐步將原有院舍更新為磚造建物。此一改建計劃共延續達近廿年，期間近藤氏並受到當局衛生觀念轉變影響，由瘴氣論轉為細菌學考量，致使院舍地表層的由最初的抬高做法，逐步轉變為貼近地表的設計。此一變革並影響整體院區規劃。 不同於木造時期所遵循的陸軍醫院模型，磚造時期的臺北醫院主要受到19世紀英國南丁格爾式病房概念影響，原先留設中庭的做法為貫穿院舍的中央走廊所取代，以達成更為便利的動線規劃。而南丁格爾病房概念在臺亦歷經多次變革，近藤氏並藉由外廊空間的安排逐步摸索出屬於本地的病房典型，並將之應用於各地醫院之病房設計中。 後續臺北醫院建築發展情形的討論則可說明臺大醫院今日建築景貌的形成經過，其並包含1941年所建的混凝土病棟與研究室、歷經美軍轟炸後的院舍重建以及1960年代至今的新建院舍與改建計劃。

This paper is focus on the architectural development of the Taihoku Hospital with the discussion from hygienic perspectives, which covers the Dadaocheng Street House that it established in 1895, the wooden hospital built in 1898, and the brick reconstruction project started in 1906. The Taihoku Hospital buildings at various stages are clearly affected by the development of the government’s building technocrats and the development of health theory. The Taihoku Hospital, which was originally set up in the Dadaocheng Street House, was moved to the wooden buildings built in the East Gate in 1898 due to unclean environment and space limitations. The design of the wooden hospital was designed by Shin Yashima, an building technician with army background. Therefore, he designed the hospital with the idea of pavilion plan, which is adopted widely by Japanese army hospital during the Meiji period. The ward configuration was arranged in parallel on both sides of the courtyard to enhance ventilation for cleanliness maintaining. Besides the Taihoku Hospital, the relationship between the pavilion plan and the Japanese army can also explain the configuration of other Taiwanese army hospitals in the same period. Although the wooden hospital is configured and constructed with hygienic considerations, it was severely attacked by termites. Therefore, in 1906, the authorities began the brick reconstruction project of the Taipei Hospital. Juro Kondo, who graduated from the University of Tokyo, was in charge of the project. This redevelopment plan lasted for nearly twenty year. During the project, Kondo was affected by the change of the health concept of the authorities. From the miasma theory to the consideration of bacteriology, the floor of the hospital was gradually changed from the elevation to the design that close to the ground. This change also affects the overall planning of the hospital. Unlike the Army Hospital model followed in the wooden version, the brick reconstruction project was mainly influenced by the 19th-century British Nightingale ward concept. The original courtyard was replaced by the central corridor that runs through the hospital to achieve smoother traffic flow. The concept of Nightingale ward has undergone many changes in Taiwan. Kondo has gradually found the model plan of ward for Taiwan through the arrangement of the verandah. He then applied it to the design of wards in various hospitals. The discussion on the subsequent development of the building of the Taihoku Hospital is also provided in this paper, which can explain the formation of the present National Taiwan University Hospital. It includes the concrete building of wards and research rooms built in 1941, the reconstruction of the hospital after the bombing of the US military, and the new building and reconstruction plan from the 1960s to the present.