符號化「再現中國」: 從國民政府到蔣介石時代的建築與表徵 (1920s–1970s)

Abstract

1945年二戰結束後，中國國民黨在第二次國共內戰中失利，中華民國政府最終於1949年底正式「轉進」臺灣。遷臺後的國民黨政府面臨統治正當性的危機，轉而從「文化中國」的角度宣揚其政權正當性，具體呈現在「再現中國」等一系列政策。「再現中國」的工程涉及兩個層面，一個是思想層面的論述建構，另一個則是空間改造的層面。在此過程中，國民黨的最高領導者及中華民國總統蔣介石無疑地扮演了重要角色。蔣介石對中國文化的青睞以及孫中山三民主義的詮釋，影響了建造工程的走向及呈現結果。此外，美國在1950年代至1960年代間對於中華民國政府的資金援助，成為了中華民國政府實施再現工程的強而有力後盾。但在探討中華民國政府撤退至臺灣後為了穩定國家內外局勢而實施的「再現中國」工程之前，必須先梳理中華民國政權在南京實行的《首都計畫》以及建造南京中山陵的經驗及實踐，更進一步地還必須理解中國國民黨創始者孫中山早年與立憲派人士對於未來「中國」何去何從的激辯。透過對這段早期歷史的探索及釐清，將有助於理解蔣氏政權如何透過推行特定的建築形式，作為強化其政權合法性以及凝聚國家認同之工具。本篇論文將聚焦於中華民國政府的三個時期：「南京十年時期」、「遷臺初期至1950年代」以及「1960年至1970年代」，梳理並分析中華民國政府在面對不同時期的社會、環境、國際關係以及政權等問題時，如何因應當前形勢而提出合適的「國家建設」解方，以及各時期國家建設策略間的承繼或斷裂等複雜關係。After the end of World War II in 1945, the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, KMT) suffered defeat in the Chinese Civil War and retreated to Taiwan by the end of 1949. Faced with a crisis in the legitimacy of their rule, the Republic of China (ROC) government, led by the KMT, adopted a strategy to assert its legitimacy from the perspective of"Cultural China." This was manifested through a series of policies such as the "Representing China." The "Representing China" project involved two dimensions: the construction of ideological discourse and the transformation of physical spaces. Throughout this process, Chiang Kai-shek, the paramount leader of the KMT and the President of the ROC, played a pivotal role. Chiang Kai-shek's preference for Chinese culture and his interpretation of Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People influenced the direction and outcomes of these reconstruction efforts. Additionally, the substantial financial aid from the United States in the 1950s to 1960s became a crucial support for the ROC government in implementing the reconstruction project.Before delving into the"Representing China" project carried out by the ROC government after retreating to Taiwan to stabilize domestic and international situations, it is essential to examine the "Nanking Capital Plan" and the experiences in building the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Furthermore, understanding the early debates between Sun Yat-sen and constitutionalists about the future direction of "China" is crucial. Exploring and clarifying this early history will contribute to understanding how the Chiang regime utilizedspecific architectural forms to strengthen its legitimacy and consolidate national identity.This paper will focus on three periods of the ROC government: the"Nanjing Decade," the "Early Years of Relocation to Taiwan to the 1950s," and the "1960s to 1970s." It will analyze how the ROC government responded to various societal, environmental, international relations, and regime-related challenges during these periods, proposing appropriate strategies for "national development" and examining the complex relationships between strategies across different periods.