臺灣歷史詞彙的形塑與轉變—以「出草」為例（1717-1994）
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2019
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本文旨在研究「出草」詞彙意涵及語言使用方式的歷史變遷，並探究其轉變因素。「出草」是臺灣特有的漢語詞彙，起源於十七世紀漢人社商對臺灣原住民捕鹿行為的描述，到了十九世紀以後，由於隘墾地帶隘丁與山區原住民狩獵衝突頻繁，「出草」的語意逐漸轉變為「生番殺人」。
文獻紀錄上，十九世紀以前臺灣方志對「出草」一詞僅用於捕鹿或狩獵的語境，但十九世紀以後的文獻，開始將「出草」等同於生番殺人。政權更替後，日文文獻承襲了出草殺人的說法，二十世紀以後出版的原住民研究書籍，都已將「出草」當作原住民獵首行為的專有名詞。總督府官方更透過吳鳳故事的創造，讓「出草」的負面詮釋深植人心。
戰後中華民國政府延續相關政策，加上國民教育體制與大眾傳媒的推波助瀾，吳鳳故事中的「出草」印象，仍被視為原住民文化的負面象徵，因此成為原住民運動力圖破除的目標之一。二十世紀末，原住民作家重新詮釋了「出草」一詞，給予光榮、勇敢的正面意義，並以實際的抗爭行動，成功改寫了整個社會對「出草」的認知，影響持續至今。
本文認為，文獻中「出草」詞義之所以轉變，是因為原住民內化了外來語言詞彙後，反而在使用過程中改變了語言使用者群體原先對該詞彙的認知。此一語言現象，不僅可能發生在十九世紀「出草」詞義從「捕鹿」轉變為「殺人」的歷史階段，在近代原住民作家的行動及其結果中，亦可相當程度地得到驗證。
The purpose of this thesis is to illuminate the historical changes of the meaning and language usage of the phrase chutsao (出草) and to explore how such transformation takes place. Chutsao is a unique Chinese vocabulary from Taiwan. It originated from the descriptions of Taiwan’s indigenous people practicing deer hunting by the Chinese franchisees in 17th century. After the 19th century, the meaning of chutsao has gradually changed from an act of deer hunting to “an act of murder (by savages) ” due to the frequent conflicts between the frontier guards and the mountainous indigenous peoples. In the historical materials, Taiwan’s local gazetteer used the term chutsao only for the context of deer hunting or hunting before the 19th century. However, in the historical materials after 19th century, the phrase chutsao appeared to be commensurate with the act of murder. After the regime of Qing dynasty was replaced by Japan’s, the Japanese appropriated the idea of chutsao in their literature. The academic works regarding indigenous studies published after the 20th century have used chutsao as the proper term for indigenous head-hunting behavior. Government of Taiwan has even presented the negative embodiment of chutsao through the creation of Wu Feng's story. After the WWII, the government of the Republic of China continued the assimilating policies, coupling with the promotion of the national education system and mass media. The expression of chutsao in Wu Feng’s story is still regarded as a negative symbol of indigenous culture, and such negative symbol has become one of the objectives which indigenous movements attempt to oppose. At the end of the 20th century, the indigenous writers reinterpreted the word chutsao, granting it positive meanings such as glory and courage, and successfully reshaping the whole society's recognition of chutsao with actual combat activities, and such impact of reshaping society's recognition of chutsao continues to this day. This thesis believes that the reason for the change of the phrase chutsao in historical materials is because the indigenous people have internalized the vocabulary of a foreign language and thereby indirectly modifying the original meaning of foreign vocabulary through indigenous people’s daily usages. This linguistic phenomenon of modificion can be found not only in the historical milieu of the phrase chutsao in 19th century but can also be verified to a considerable extent -- from the social movements as well as their results -- of the contemporary indigenous writers.
The purpose of this thesis is to illuminate the historical changes of the meaning and language usage of the phrase chutsao (出草) and to explore how such transformation takes place. Chutsao is a unique Chinese vocabulary from Taiwan. It originated from the descriptions of Taiwan’s indigenous people practicing deer hunting by the Chinese franchisees in 17th century. After the 19th century, the meaning of chutsao has gradually changed from an act of deer hunting to “an act of murder (by savages) ” due to the frequent conflicts between the frontier guards and the mountainous indigenous peoples. In the historical materials, Taiwan’s local gazetteer used the term chutsao only for the context of deer hunting or hunting before the 19th century. However, in the historical materials after 19th century, the phrase chutsao appeared to be commensurate with the act of murder. After the regime of Qing dynasty was replaced by Japan’s, the Japanese appropriated the idea of chutsao in their literature. The academic works regarding indigenous studies published after the 20th century have used chutsao as the proper term for indigenous head-hunting behavior. Government of Taiwan has even presented the negative embodiment of chutsao through the creation of Wu Feng's story. After the WWII, the government of the Republic of China continued the assimilating policies, coupling with the promotion of the national education system and mass media. The expression of chutsao in Wu Feng’s story is still regarded as a negative symbol of indigenous culture, and such negative symbol has become one of the objectives which indigenous movements attempt to oppose. At the end of the 20th century, the indigenous writers reinterpreted the word chutsao, granting it positive meanings such as glory and courage, and successfully reshaping the whole society's recognition of chutsao with actual combat activities, and such impact of reshaping society's recognition of chutsao continues to this day. This thesis believes that the reason for the change of the phrase chutsao in historical materials is because the indigenous people have internalized the vocabulary of a foreign language and thereby indirectly modifying the original meaning of foreign vocabulary through indigenous people’s daily usages. This linguistic phenomenon of modificion can be found not only in the historical milieu of the phrase chutsao in 19th century but can also be verified to a considerable extent -- from the social movements as well as their results -- of the contemporary indigenous writers.
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出草, 臺灣原住民, 歷史社會語言, 詞彙史, 原住民作家, Chutsao, Taiwani indigenous people, Historical sociolinguistics, Lexical history, Indigenous writers