從仇英到「二趙」：以《上林圖》為中心談蘇州片中的「二趙」問題

Abstract

趙伯駒與趙伯驌現存有一百多件作品，除了北京故宮藏趙伯駒《江山秋色》，與趙伯驌《萬松金闕》被認為是真跡之外，其餘都被認為是蘇州片。為了區別蘇州片與宋畫中的差異，本文以「二趙」指稱蘇州片中的趙伯駒與趙伯驌，作為畫史研究上的區別。並以《上林圖》為中心，討論蘇州片中二趙與仇英之間風格和母題混用，以及二趙如何在蘇州片產業中成為明星商品。明代畫家仇英，曾根據漢代文學家司馬相如〈上林賦〉畫有《子虛上林圖》，現今卻已不可見。而現存的多件《上林圖》幾乎都是後人所畫，其中既有傳仇英《上林圖》，也有傳稱為趙伯駒所畫。本文首先以敘事情節最完整的弗利爾美術館藏傳仇英《子虛上林圖》代表，探討多本《上林圖》的圖文關係。研究發現在現存《上林圖》中，傳稱為仇英或趙伯駒的作品，並沒有存在實質的差別。其次，明清史料中，仇英先畫有《子虛上林圖》，後來張泰階《寶繪錄》在仇英《子虛上林圖》的基礎上，創造出趙伯駒《上林圖》並受到書畫市場所歡迎。在清代，甚至出現趙伯駒《上林圖》是仇英祖本的說法。最後，回溯宋元文獻，本文認為明代二趙認知的建構，與宋趙希鵠《洞天清錄》以及元末明初蘇州的文人雅集習習相關。There are more than one hundred extant works of Zhao Boju and Zhao Bosu. Except for Zhao Boju’s The Rivers and Mountains in Autumn Colors and Zhao Bosu’s Palace in the Pines in the collection of Palace Museum, Beijing, most of the paintings are considered as the “Suzhou Fakes” In order to distinguish “Suzhou Fakes” from genuine Song paintings, this thesis takes Zhao Boju and Zhao Bosu of “Suzhou Fakes” as the “Two Zhao” to differentiate from Zhao Boju and Zhao Bosu in the history of Chinese Painting. And further, this thesis focuses on Shanglin Park Paintings to discuss the mixed motifs and styles of the “Two Zhao” and Qiu Ying, and how the “Two Zhao” became a popular product among Suzhou commercial workshops.Qiu Ying, a 16th-century Chinese painter (a professional artist of the Suzhou area in the Ming dynasty), painted Zi Xu Shanglin Park based on a literary classic Shanglin Fu written by Sima Xiangru, but it’s unknown today. Among a group of existing Shanglin Park Paintings which painted by descendants, few of them made by Qiu Ying and several of them made by Zhao Boju. In order to discuss the relationships between the text and the paintings among Shanglin Park Paintings, the thesis will firsttake Zi Xu Shanglin Park preserved by Freer Gallery of Art as a representative. Second, in the historical documents of the Ming and Qing dynasty, shown Qiu Ying had painted Zi Xu Shanglin Park first. Later Zhang Taijie took it as the basis, created “Two Zhaos” Shanglin Park Paintings in Boahui lu, which was quite popular in the calligraphy and painting market. Finally, looking back to the historical documents of Song and Yuan dynasty, this thesis believes that the cognition of the “Two Zhao” of Ming dynasty is related to Dongtian qinglu written by Zhao Xigu and elegant gatherings held by scholarly friends in Suzhou in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasty.