論丹麥北極戰略(2011-2020)之發展與影響

Abstract

本文旨在探討丹麥的北極戰略，以丹麥在2011年所出版之《2011-2020丹麥對北極戰略》一官方文件作為研究基礎，並將文中所提之北極安全、北極資源、北極氣候三大方面作為研究目標，透過質性研究途徑、文獻分析法、案例分析法、歷史分析法，以及使用國際層次、國家層次、國內層次之三層分析架構，來檢視丹麥自2011年至2020年之北極戰略實施內容，探討丹麥在過往十年間之北極戰略成效與影響。丹麥的北極戰略以和平、穩定、合作為主要行動方針，無論在安全、資源、氣候議題上都較常以非暴力的形式尋求解決途徑，其中，本文檢視丹麥在北極安全之實施上，儘管面對大陸礁層爭議與相關領土爭議，仍在軍事安全戰略上多以海上救援、防衛性軍事部署為優先考量，而非主動尋求武力解決或是囤積軍備。同樣在北極資源與北極氣候等跨國議題上，丹麥亦尋求國際組織與國際合作的形式來應對，保持舊有的國際合作態勢，並在其基礎之上發展新的官方與民間形式合作關係，自始至終皆發揮愛好和平穩定的北極戰略結構。然而，面對美國、俄羅斯，以及積極加入北極事務之非環北極國家之間的國際角逐，丹麥亦須找尋自身在北極戰略中的優勢與地位，以丹麥本身與格陵蘭島優越的自然與地理條件，積極發展自身在北極的區域掌控力，才能穩妥爭取到在北極事務中的戰略地位。本文希望能藉由分析《2011-2020丹麥對北極戰略》一文內容，檢視丹麥對北極的戰略架構，並藉此了解小國如何在大國環伺的北極情勢下，站穩腳步並發展對北極權力有利的國家條件，以獲得更多談論北極議題上的國際空間。The study aims to explore Denmark's Arctic strategy using the official document "Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020" as the research foundation. It focuses on three main areas mentioned in the document: Arctic security, Arctic resources, and Arctic climate. Through qualitative research methods, literature analysis, case studies, historical analysis, and a three-level analysis framework at the international, national, and domestic levels, the study examines the implementation of Denmark's Arctic strategy from 2011 to 2020, analyzing its effectiveness and impact over the past decade.Denmark's Arctic strategy prioritizes peace, stability, and cooperation as its main guiding principles. On issues of security, resources, and climate, Denmark often seeks non-violent solutions. The study examines Denmark's implementation of Arctic security measures, noting that despite facing disputes over continental shelves and related territorial claims, Denmark prioritizes maritime rescue and defensive military deployments over proactive military solutions or arms accumulation. Similarly, on transnational issues such as Arctic resources and climate, Denmark addresses these challenges through international organizations and cooperation, maintaining its existing international collaborative stance while developing new official and civil partnerships. Throughout, Denmark has adhered to a peace-loving and stable Arctic strategy.However, amid the international competition involving the United States, Russia, and non-Arctic states increasingly engaging in Arctic affairs, Denmark must also identify its advantages and position within its Arctic strategy. Leveraging Denmark's and Greenland's favorable natural and geographical conditions, the country actively develops its regional control in the Arctic to secure a strategic position in Arctic affairs. By analyzing the content of the " Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020," the study aims to review Denmark's Arctic strategic framework and understand how a small nation can maintain its footing and develop advantageous national conditions in the Arctic, thereby gaining more international space in Arctic discussions.