傑出女性科學家生涯發展歷程及其成功因素之探討
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2004
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Abstract
傑出女性科學家生涯發展歷程及其成功因素之探討
摘 要
本研究以台灣七位傑出女性科學家作為研究對象，經由深度訪談及相關文件的蒐集，以了解其生涯發展歷程及成功因素，作為成功女性角色的範式。資料處理與分析方面，首先將錄音帶內容轉譯為逐字稿、編流水碼，配合相關文件等多元資料，反覆閱讀後，不斷分析、比較、對照、修正、歸納與綜合，以理解並建構女性科學家的生涯發展歷程及其成功因素。本研究的主要發現如下：
一、 生涯歷程
家庭環境方面：大部分父母沒有重男輕女的觀念，不會為女兒設限。多位女性科學家的父母親所學雖與科學無關，但均能支持子女在科學上發展。
求學歷程方面：她們在求學階段數理成績表現優異，獲得教師的肯定；多數都興趣廣泛，受到良師、科學影片或科學傳記、科學實驗或研究等的引導或啟發，在高中或大學時代就立志以科學為職志；她們都靠獎學金出國念書，六位在國外取得博士學位。
本研究中傑出女性科學家的嘗試性工作經驗闕如或甚短，皆為專業性、管理性、具一技之長的工作者，屬於Super生涯型態分類中的「穩定的生涯型態」。
二、 成功因素
個人因素方面：她們有靈敏的研究眼光與創新的見解，做事有計畫、有效率，善於時間的管理，專業知能深入，興趣高昂、熱愛工作，有毅力、堅持自己的目標，好勝、不服輸，遇到阻力不輕言放棄。
家庭因素方面：父母親尊重、支持並鼓勵她們在科學上的發展；已婚者的另一半不論是否同在科學領域工作，均能支持她們在專業領域發展，並以她們的成就為榮。
環境因素方面：她們受到教師或長官等重要他人的賞識與提拔，工作場所有充分的學術自由及互相切磋的同儕；她們皆能掌握機會成為該專業領域的先鋒。
本研究中傑出女性科學家認為台灣的社會並未限制女性在學業上的發展；根據多位受訪者的分析，研究工作及科技領域是性別差異最小的行業；女性細心的特質反而占有優勢。在求學階段，男女比例差距不大，甚至學業表現女性優於男性；但從大學到研究所，再到就業，女性的比例就一直往下降。博士後到教授階段，已婚女性面臨的最大難題是如何在時間管理上，有效地兼顧工作與家庭。
根據上述結果，研究者歸納出傑出女性科學家生涯發展歷程的特色，並分別就制度面、學校、家庭、女性後學者、未來研究等方面提出建議。
Career Development and Support Factors of Eminent Women in Science Shu-Min Wu Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the career development and support factors of eminent women in science. In-depth interview was used to acquire rich data from seven eminent women in Taiwan who are professors or researchers in science. A semi-structured outline was used to serve as a reminder or guide to the researcher during interviewing. Their career development and support factors in their professional fields were analyzed. The major findings were as follows: A. Career development Most parents of the subjects had no gender-difference attitudes on them. The parents supported their daughters’ scientific studies, although they themselves were not in the same fields. The subjects showed excellent academic achievement in high school; they dedicated to scientific studies and claimed credits for remarkable performance in college. The majority, six of them, completed their doctorate abroad. According to Super’s career development theory, all the subjects in this study belonged to the style of “stable career development”. B. Support factors The career development of these seven eminent women in science appeared to be affected by significant others, unique personalities, family support and environment factors. Concerning significant others, parents and teachers were mentioned most frequently. Their personalities were characterized by being creative, determined, motivated, energetic, independent, enjoying work, and persistent in their fields. In addition to their parents, for those who married, their husbands also encouraged their academic work, no matter what research fields the husbands were in.On their career, they experienced a lot of positive interactions with their peer groups and the appreciation or promotion from their higher-up. These made them pioneers of specific academic fields. In this study, the informants agreed that in Taiwan, women were not restricted on their academic studies. In high school, the population of female students was similar to that of male ones, while there were no significant differences between their academic performances. Even in some specific fields, women did better than men on academic performance. But women were usually not encouraged to study further. Even when they finished their doctorate and became famous scholars, they had to overcome the difficulties in allocating their time on research and family in their tight schedule. In summary, the researcher has tried to construct a career development profile of the eminent women in science. Finally, based on the findings of this study, the researcher makes some suggestions for school, family, women interested in science, and future studies.
Career Development and Support Factors of Eminent Women in Science Shu-Min Wu Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the career development and support factors of eminent women in science. In-depth interview was used to acquire rich data from seven eminent women in Taiwan who are professors or researchers in science. A semi-structured outline was used to serve as a reminder or guide to the researcher during interviewing. Their career development and support factors in their professional fields were analyzed. The major findings were as follows: A. Career development Most parents of the subjects had no gender-difference attitudes on them. The parents supported their daughters’ scientific studies, although they themselves were not in the same fields. The subjects showed excellent academic achievement in high school; they dedicated to scientific studies and claimed credits for remarkable performance in college. The majority, six of them, completed their doctorate abroad. According to Super’s career development theory, all the subjects in this study belonged to the style of “stable career development”. B. Support factors The career development of these seven eminent women in science appeared to be affected by significant others, unique personalities, family support and environment factors. Concerning significant others, parents and teachers were mentioned most frequently. Their personalities were characterized by being creative, determined, motivated, energetic, independent, enjoying work, and persistent in their fields. In addition to their parents, for those who married, their husbands also encouraged their academic work, no matter what research fields the husbands were in.On their career, they experienced a lot of positive interactions with their peer groups and the appreciation or promotion from their higher-up. These made them pioneers of specific academic fields. In this study, the informants agreed that in Taiwan, women were not restricted on their academic studies. In high school, the population of female students was similar to that of male ones, while there were no significant differences between their academic performances. Even in some specific fields, women did better than men on academic performance. But women were usually not encouraged to study further. Even when they finished their doctorate and became famous scholars, they had to overcome the difficulties in allocating their time on research and family in their tight schedule. In summary, the researcher has tried to construct a career development profile of the eminent women in science. Finally, based on the findings of this study, the researcher makes some suggestions for school, family, women interested in science, and future studies.
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Keywords
傑出女性, 女性科學家, 生涯發展, 成功因素, 性別議題, eminent woman, female scientist, career development, support factor, gender issue