林紓的操縱：以狄更斯《滑稽外史》角色的諷刺效果為例

Abstract

錢鍾書在〈林紓的翻譯〉一文中泛論林譯優劣與其譯本影響，替翻譯學界立下林譯研究標竿，文中作為關鍵批評文本的便是林譯狄更斯著作《滑稽外史》。基於錢鍾書評論《滑稽外史》段落時側重譯文的角色形象改變與修辭趣味性，本研究試圖由此二面向切入，深入探討錢文未觸及的更多樣複雜的現象。研究選取的角色分為奸邪角與丑角二類，具有各自的諷刺效果，在比較各角色在原著與譯本中的形象與諷刺效果差異之後，進一步觀察與分析譯者的處理手法受何種因素影響。研究發現，原文的角色形象與諷刺效果在進入譯本之後，除了符合譯入語書寫習慣，也呈現出貼近譯入語文化的社會關係，而相關影響因素包括翻譯合作模式、譯者個人文本詮釋、修辭習慣、價值觀等內部因素，以及André Lefevere的操縱改寫理論框架所包含之文學專業人士、贊助者、主流詩學等外部因素。本文期待透過仔細的文本分析與操縱理論觀點，深化錢鍾書對於林譯《滑稽外史》的評論，並豐富現有的林譯狄更斯研究。In his essay Lin Shu’s Translation, Qian Zhongshu discussed the quality and influences of Lin Shu’s translations in general terms based mainly on Lin Shu’s translation of Charles Dickens’s novel Nicholas Nickleby under the title of Hua Ji Wai Shi. Through this pioneering essay, Qian Zhongshu set the benchmark for research on Lin Shu’s translation. In view of Qian Zhongshu’s focus on the transformations of character portrayal and rhetorical amusement in Hua Ji Wai Shi, this study attempts to investigate other complex phononmena left out by Qian Zhongshu from these two angles. The characters investigated are first classified as villain type and clown type that carry respectively their satirical effects, and are then compared between the original and translation in order to determine possible factors affecting translators’ strategies. This study found that character portrayal and satirical effects in the translation underwent an inclination toward the literary tradition of the target language and reflected the social relationships of the language’s culture. It also found that possible factors are both internal and external. Internal factors include collaborative mode of translation, and the text interpretation, literary standards and social values of the translators; external factors, under the framwork of André Lefevere’s rewriting/manipulation theory, include literary professionals, patronage and dominant poetics. Through detailed textual analyses from the rewriting/manipulation theory perspective, this study aims to extend Qian Zhongshu’s judgment on Lin Shu’s translation of Hua Ji Wai Shi and to enrich current research on Lin Shu’s translations of Charles Dickens’s works.