中古晚期市民階層的反動

Abstract

1358 年法蘭西王國爆發巴黎市民和查理儲君對峙的僵局，整個法國北區也陷入內戰的隱憂之中。巴黎事件的核心人物『巴黎商人總監』埃西安馬塞爾出自當時最具經濟影響力的大商人團體—「水路商人行會」，從1355年底全國三級會議開始，他逐漸成為市民階層從事政治改革的主導人物。對英國戰爭亟需軍資的情況下，法蘭西王室在貨幣上進行投機，其所推行的新貨幣政策引發強大民怨，加深巴黎市民與法蘭西王室之間的誤解。巴黎市民階層對法蘭西王室的不信任，演變成為對抗法蘭西王室的實際行動。因此，本文擬從1358 年的巴黎事件來觀察中古晚期巴黎市民階層的政權參與和反動，以及埃西安馬塞爾的歷史評價。

In 1358, the discord began to erupt between Dauphin Charles and the Parisian bourgeoisie and ended in a standoff, thus the North of the French Kingdom involved into civil war malaises.In Paris, the most influential chief inspector was Etienne Marcel,“the prevost of the merchants of Paris”, came from the most powerful merchant group - la Hansa des marchands de l'eau - consisting of the business elites, he played a leading part in the Estates-General for a period of 1355-1357. Against the background of the Hundred Years' War, the hope of the French people, especially the Parisians, for political reform, and the demand by Charles II of Navarre for the right of French throne succession, had deepened the distrust between the royal family and the Parisians; hence, rendered the internal political situation of France more turbulent. From the standpoint of the enhancement of the parisian political power, this paper aims to observe the regime's participation and anti-monarchical consciousness of the Parisian bourgeoisie, and explore the debates on Étienne Marcel's part to the Parisian revolt of 1358.