寄語集的華語詞彙探討

Abstract

《日本館譯語》與《琉球館譯語》是明朝會同館通事學習日語與琉球語的詞彙集，兩書編輯體例與其他11本同為《華夷譯語》的各種外國語詞彙集相同，先列華語詞彙，再用標音漢字記錄該外國語的讀音，這類外語學習詞彙集，有時也被稱為「寄語」集。本文取兩書所收華語詞目做比較，觀察它們彼此的特色，大約《日本館譯語》編輯較細緻，《琉球館譯語》則顯得急就，但是有極豐富與朝貢有關的詞彙收集。其次，本文從詞目出現頻率做觀察，提出8種日語、琉球語有關的寄語集，加上《日本館譯語》與《琉球館譯語》共10種材料做分析依據，另外也以3種《華夷譯語》做參照，分詞目為甲、乙、丙三種等級，最後詳細討論甲種詞目才是明代的「基本詞彙」。

Chinese-Japanese Dictionary and Chinese-Ryukyu Dictionary were both edited during the period of Ming to satisfy the need of the commercial agents in Hueitong kwan for learning Japanese and Ryukyu. The editorial model of the these two works is the same as another eleven Chinese-Foreign Language Dictionaries, according to which the Chinese lexeme are listed, followed by the Chinese characters used as transliteration letters. Such works are sometimes called "Collection of Ji-yu." This paper aims to compare the Chinese lexeme collected in these two dictionaries and investigate their respective characteristics. The result shows that the edition of Chinese-Japanese Dictionary is more careful than Chinese-Ryukyu Dictionary; however, the latter contains a wealth of vocabulary related to paying tribute to the imperial court. Collected from eight "Collection of Ji-yu" and three other Chinese-Foreign Dictionaries, the lexeme will be classified by frequency into three levels, i.e. A, B and C, and only those included on level A will be considered as the basic vocabulary in Ming Dynasty.