康熙皇帝的焦慮──立儲、開邊和歷史定位
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2013/08-2014/07
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本計畫以鞏固皇權為論述的主軸，選定引發康熙皇帝焦慮情緒且彼此交互作用的立儲、開邊和 歷史定位等三個議題，借用心理學對「焦慮」的詮釋，剖析康熙皇帝面臨威脅時產生的不安，以及 持續與之對抗的努力。康熙三○年代以降，因立儲造成皇帝和皇太子胤礽之間的權力關係緊張，而 皇帝親征噶爾丹期間胤礽的表現令人失望，遂衍生皇權分化的危機。其次，來自準噶爾部噶爾丹及 其後繼者持續對清朝施加的軍事壓力，阻礙帝國邊疆開拓的進程，也使得皇權的擴張受到挑戰。正 由於儲位懸而未定，開邊未竟其功，導致康熙皇帝晚年十分在意後世對他的評價，故而以皇帝的權 威預先勾勒出個人的歷史定位。這三件事之間互相關聯，都對康熙皇帝形成壓力和困擾，他面對問 題的態度及其選擇的應變之道，當是值得研究的課題。因此，本計畫擬將討論的重點集中在：一、 威脅：皇權分化與邊境生變；二、面對：蒙藏問題與廢立太子；三、競爭：評價歷史與自我評價， 以此三個面向對康熙皇帝進行心理層面的分析。
This plan take the consolidated imperial authority as the discusses spindle, the three subjects initiates the anxiety of Emperor K’ang-hsi including the problem of heir-selection, frontier expansion and the historical evaluation about himself, by the psychology “anxiety” theory offered the explanation for analyzing the trepidation and the exertion when K’ang-hsi faced with the threat. After K’ang-hsi was crowned over 30 years, heir-selection brought tensions between emperor and the descendants, In ceng, in addition to the performance of In ceng during the period when the emperor led the expedition toward Galdan was disappointing, then came into the imperial authority division crisis. Next, the military pressure from Junggar Khanate Galdan and the successor to Ch’ing dynasty, impeded the advancement of the empire frontier expansion, at the same time cause the challenge toward the expansion of imperial authority. It is precisely because the heir-selected wasn’t decided and frontier expansion didn’t success, Emperor K’ang-hsi on his old age, he took much more care about his evaluation, therefore he outlined his own historical position in advance based on emperor's authority. These three matters interrelated became the pressure and the puzzle to Emperor Kang-hsi, the research topic about his attitude and response to face the problem should be worth. Therefore, this plan would focus on the discussion: first, threaten: the division of imperial authority and frontier expansion; second, face: the disturbances of Mongol and Tibet and dethronement the crown prince; third, competition: the reviewed historical figures and made self-appraisal, to carry out psychological analyze to Emperor K’ang-hsi on the three aspects.
This plan take the consolidated imperial authority as the discusses spindle, the three subjects initiates the anxiety of Emperor K’ang-hsi including the problem of heir-selection, frontier expansion and the historical evaluation about himself, by the psychology “anxiety” theory offered the explanation for analyzing the trepidation and the exertion when K’ang-hsi faced with the threat. After K’ang-hsi was crowned over 30 years, heir-selection brought tensions between emperor and the descendants, In ceng, in addition to the performance of In ceng during the period when the emperor led the expedition toward Galdan was disappointing, then came into the imperial authority division crisis. Next, the military pressure from Junggar Khanate Galdan and the successor to Ch’ing dynasty, impeded the advancement of the empire frontier expansion, at the same time cause the challenge toward the expansion of imperial authority. It is precisely because the heir-selected wasn’t decided and frontier expansion didn’t success, Emperor K’ang-hsi on his old age, he took much more care about his evaluation, therefore he outlined his own historical position in advance based on emperor's authority. These three matters interrelated became the pressure and the puzzle to Emperor Kang-hsi, the research topic about his attitude and response to face the problem should be worth. Therefore, this plan would focus on the discussion: first, threaten: the division of imperial authority and frontier expansion; second, face: the disturbances of Mongol and Tibet and dethronement the crown prince; third, competition: the reviewed historical figures and made self-appraisal, to carry out psychological analyze to Emperor K’ang-hsi on the three aspects.