我好在乎爸媽的話：親子言語互動對子女自我概念之影響

Abstract

本研究旨在探討親子言語互動的經驗，以子女的角度詮釋父母言語對自我概念的影響，並以復原力的觀點呈現子女如何轉化負面的影響。本研究採質性研究方法，以敘說研究法為研究策略，深度訪談四位成年子女，期望了解父母言語對子女較長遠的影響性。 本研究發現：子女印象深刻的父母正向言語互動有肯定、稱讚、愛與支持；負向言語互動有批評、比較、威脅、暴力言語和行為，以及要求子女絕對服從父母、用父母的期望為標準來要求子女或拒絕回應孩子的需求等等。 本研究發現父母的正負向言語互動會對子女的自我概念有多方面的影響，但子女多能運用復原力及身邊資源，來轉化負面的影響。研究結果如下：一、心理自我概念：父母的正負向言語會使子女的「自尊心、自我價值感」低落或健康，但子女能透過復原力及信仰的幫助轉化提升之；父母的負面言語會影響子女「自我存在價值感」低落，但本研究參與者皆正在轉化中；父母的負面言語會使子女的「情緒健康度」不穩定或對自己「高標準」要求；父母的正負向言語會讓子女富有或缺乏「安全感」。二、生理自我概念：父母的負向言語會使子女對「外在的自信心」低落，但因為父母改說正向言語以及信仰的幫助下，對外在的自信皆轉化為健康。三、社會自我概念：父母的負面言語影響子女有「人際關係」上的困擾，但子女能運用復原力轉化負面影響，而擁有良好的「人際關係」；父母的負向言語造成「親子關係」不佳，但後來因為父母或子女的正向言語互動，親子關係正逐漸提升當中；父母的正負面言語影響子女對「伴侶」的條件設定，或對伴侶行為與角色的期望；子女與下一代的「親子相處模式」受到代間傳遞的影響，但透過信仰及復原力的轉化，子女與「下一代親子關係」皆轉好。四、能力自我概念：父母的負面言語使子女對「自己的能力」信心不足，即使子女的「工作能力」不錯，但因父母的負向言語已形成子女的低自我價值感，故自信心依然不足。 最後依據研究結果，對家長、教育及助人工作者、政府、未來研究者及關心本議題的夥伴提出相關建議，以供參考。This study aims to explore the experiences of parent-child verbal interactions from the children's perspective, interpreting the impact of parental language on self-concept, and presenting how children transform negative influences through resilience. Employing a qualitative research approach with a narrative inquiry strategy, this study conducted in-depth interviews with four grown-up children. The objective was to understand the long-term effects of parental language on the children. The study found that children were particularly impacted by positive verbal interactions from parents,which included affirmation, praise, love, and support, as well as by negative verbal interactions, such as criticism, comparison, threats, verbal and behavioral violence, setting parental expectations as standards, demanding absolute obedience, or ignoring children's needs. The study revealed that positive and negative verbal interactions from parents affect children's self-concept. However, children often utilize resilience and surrounding resources to transform negative impacts. The findings are as follows: 1. Psychological Self-Concept: Parental verbal interactions, both positive and negative, influence children's "self-worth," leading to either healthy or persistently low self-esteem, with some transitioning from low to healthy self-esteem. Negativeparental language affects children's "sense of self-existence," lowering it, although participants in this study are in the process of transformation. Negative parental language destabilizes children's "emotional well-being" or drives them to set "high standards" for themselves. They also contribute to children's sense of "security," or lack thereof. 2. Physical Self-Concept: Negative parental language impacts children's "external self-confidence," causing a decline. However, with the shift to positive language from parents andsupport from faith, this confidence has been transformed into a healthy state.3. Social Self-Concept: Negative parental language causes difficulties in children's human relations, but they can use resilience to transform these negative impacts and develop good ones. Negative parental language results in poor "parent-child relationships," but positive verbal interactions from either parent are gradually improving these relationships. Parental verbal interactions, both positive and negative, influence children's "criteria for partners" and their expectations of partner behavior and roles. The "parent-child interaction model" between children and the nextgeneration is affected by intergenerational transmission, but through resilience, children are improving the"parent-child relationship" with the next generation. 4. Competence Self-Concept: Negative parental language causes children to lack confidence in their "abilities." Although children perform well in their "work abilities," negative parental language has led to low self-worth, resulting in continued low self-confidence. Based on the research findings, this study offers recommendations for parents, educators, helping professionals, government agencies, future researchers, and others interestedin this topic for their reference.