綠弄蝶屬之分子親緣與生物地理研究
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2015
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中國西南部至華萊士區具複雜地質歷史與高度的生物多樣性，吸引著生物地理學家與演化生物學家，但過去對本區與其餘印度太平洋海域間的生物地理關係以及物種在本區內分布的鱗翅目研究數量稀少。綠弄蝶屬的分布範圍跨越了此地區並演化出許多特有亞種，可能為了解此區地質歷史對生物分布影響的理想研究材料。達成此目標需要可信的綠弄蝶屬屬內親緣關係，但不同學者對綠弄蝶屬中各分類群的分類地位看法不一而且混亂。本研究利用粒線體基因COI、COII與核基因Ef-1α重建綠弄蝶屬的親緣關係，釐清屬內分類，再藉由分子鐘定年與祖先區域重建探討綠弄蝶屬的分布與分化歷程；另藉由分子親緣關係重建翅紋祖徵狀態。親緣關係建構結果支持Chiba利用交尾器所做分群，另顯示C. hemixanthus中可能有隱藏種。分子定年與祖先區域重建結果顯示綠弄蝶屬可能在白堊紀晚期起源於亞洲大陸，於中新世至漸新世向西、向南擴散並隔離分化。而其翅紋相似性發生於不同支系之間，為平行演化的結果。本屬種級以上的分化主要由地理隔離造成，種內則多為由氣候影響之海平面升降導致的隔離分化。而其翅紋平行演化的歷程尚待探討，擬態與氣候因子為可能因素。
The region from Southwest China to Wallacea shows high biodiversity, and extremely complicated tectonic history, consequently it is attractive to biogeographers and evolutionary biologists. Nonetheless, studies on biogeography in butterflies within and across the region were scanty. Since members of the genus Choaspes are distributed across the region and had evolved to many endemic forms in Sundaland and Wallacea, they may be an ideal material for performing a research to understand the influence of biogeographic history to the organisms inhabiting in this region. To achieve this goal, a solid phylogenetic frameword of the genus is necessary, but species delimitations of Choaspes members are still disputed and need to be solved first. The first objective of this research is to construct molecular phylogeny of Choaspes by using mitochondrial genes COI, COII and nuclear gene Ef-1α. The phylogeny supports Chiba’s taxonomic opinions in large part. Next, geographic history of Choaspes was explored through molecular dating analysis and ancestral area reconstruction. Choaspes originated in Asia mainland in late Cretaceous, and mainly diversed from Oligocene to Pliocene through dispersal and vicariance. Diversification above species level was caused by geological vicariance after dispersal, While intraspecific diversification was caused by climate-induced vicariance after dispersal. Moreover, this study has clairfied the similarity of wing patterns among sympatric Choaspes species is resulted from parallel evolution, but the cause is still uncertain.
The region from Southwest China to Wallacea shows high biodiversity, and extremely complicated tectonic history, consequently it is attractive to biogeographers and evolutionary biologists. Nonetheless, studies on biogeography in butterflies within and across the region were scanty. Since members of the genus Choaspes are distributed across the region and had evolved to many endemic forms in Sundaland and Wallacea, they may be an ideal material for performing a research to understand the influence of biogeographic history to the organisms inhabiting in this region. To achieve this goal, a solid phylogenetic frameword of the genus is necessary, but species delimitations of Choaspes members are still disputed and need to be solved first. The first objective of this research is to construct molecular phylogeny of Choaspes by using mitochondrial genes COI, COII and nuclear gene Ef-1α. The phylogeny supports Chiba’s taxonomic opinions in large part. Next, geographic history of Choaspes was explored through molecular dating analysis and ancestral area reconstruction. Choaspes originated in Asia mainland in late Cretaceous, and mainly diversed from Oligocene to Pliocene through dispersal and vicariance. Diversification above species level was caused by geological vicariance after dispersal, While intraspecific diversification was caused by climate-induced vicariance after dispersal. Moreover, this study has clairfied the similarity of wing patterns among sympatric Choaspes species is resulted from parallel evolution, but the cause is still uncertain.
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分子親緣關係, 隔離分化, 擴散, 分子鐘, 翅紋, molecular phylogeny, vicariance, dispersal, molecular clock, wing pattern