探討科學關係圖的教學、圖形技能與學生概念學習之關係：以密度單元為例

Abstract

本研究設計兩種科學關係圖的教學活動，分別為數學表徵連結科學表徵教學組(學科連結組)與科學實作建構圖形教學組(實作建構組)。前者強調數學函數圖形與科學關係圖建構與詮釋的連結性，後者透過實作活動收集數據、形成圖形，進而產生推理與詮釋。活動結合國中理化課程首章量化單元─「密度」，欲了解科學關係圖的教學、原圖形技能的差異與概念理解之關係。研究對象為高雄市某濱海地區公立國中之八年級生，每教學組別各兩班，共四個班級98人參與。研究資料來源為自行設計與發展的「圖形技能測驗」、「密度概念測驗」及「密度概念延宕測驗」。 研究結果顯示，教學前後兩組別的概念理解皆有顯著進步，圖形技能的表現卻未達顯著差異。不同教學組別對概念整體表現無顯著影響，但原圖形技能的不同，則會顯著反映在概念理解的表現上。將試題分群，概念後測「未涉及科學關係圖」的試題屬性與「記憶、了解」之認知層次，實作建構組的表現較佳；高圖形技能組明顯優於中、低圖形技能組。而「涉及科學關係圖」與「應用、分析」的概念試題，低圖形技能組則明顯低於其他兩能力組別。就學生於概念延宕測驗的表現而言，為學科連結組較佳；原圖形技能的差異亦會影響延宕測驗的概念理解表現，其中低圖形技能組明顯低於中、高技能組別。此外，原圖形技能的高低顯著影響教學後圖形技能及兩大能力指標的表現，教學組別並無顯著影響。 本研究顯示圖形技能對科學學習的重要性，且得知該技能不易於短時間內改變。兩教學組別各有優勢，透過實作活動建構圖形的方式，可顯著提升學生較低階認知層次與未涉及圖形的概念表現。若教學搭配函數圖形與關係圖的連結，則可促進學生於概念延宕測驗的理解表現。

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the design of instructional modules, students’ graphing skills, and their conceptual understandings of density. Two instructional modules on the topic of line graphs were used. Module 1 supported students to translate data collected from hands-on activities into graphs, while Module 2 helped students make connections between their mathematic and scientific knowledge. Four classes of 98 eighth graders at a public junior high school in a rural area participated in the study. Data were collected from pre-test and post-test of graphing skills, conceptual understandings of density, and a deferred test of density. The result of this study indicated that students of both modules’ had significant improvement on conceptual understandings, but there was no significant difference on graphing skills. According to the two-way ANCOVA analysis of instructional modules and pre-graphing levels, different pre-graphing skills had significant effect on students’ conceptual understandings but the effect of instructional modules were not found. On the questions that did not involve graphs and were at the remembering-understanding cognitive levels, students of Module 1 performed significantly better than those of Module 2. Students’ pre-graphing levels also significantly influenced their conceptual understandings on questions of different properties and cognitive levels. After the instruction, pre-graphing levels significantly influenced the performance on the post-test graphing skills, but this influence did not vary with different modules. For students’ achievement of the deferred test, Module 2 was better and a significant main effect of pre-graphing levels was also found. In conclusion, this study suggested the importance of graphing skills in conceptual learning of science and showed that graphing skills connot be improved with in a short period of time. Additionally, different instructional modules could enhance different aspect of conceptual understandings.