德國於轉型正義之下的形塑與實踐-以史塔西博物館為例

Abstract

當一個國家從威權時代的獨裁轉型為民主的過程中，因其歷史和殖民背景不同，在建立民主之後首要做的事情不外乎即是進行轉型正義（Transition Justice）。這項活動或許不會帶來民主社會後的經濟建設或者經濟收益來源，但卻攸關於日後此民主政權在執政社會的難度上也會有所的不同，這是一個極為龐大且需耗費眾多人力的過程。它能夠發揮的影響乃是清除以及終結一個舊的且不堪回首的時代，以及確保民主政權的執政黨都能夠將應給的資源分配於福國利民，而不是被用來應付或者處理曾經的貪腐或極權。因此，轉型正義此一課題乃嚴肅且廣大，它能帶動的影響絕不單單只有和解與清算，亦有替後代國民留下乾淨且無負擔的社會環境和集體記憶。本論文乃探討前東德於兩德統一之後，民主深化的過程，執行自身的轉型正義，如何重建人民對彼此和對政府的信任。筆者試圖以檢視位於柏林的史塔西博物館（Stasi Museum）的角度出發來分析它是如何公開與詮釋其歷史檔案資料以利幫助那些被遺忘的受害者（德語：die vergessenen Opfer）。特別是在現今與二戰歷史相對有距離的年代，該博物館將如何傳遞人權教育與延續記憶成為新的一困難課題。期盼透過分析此個案在轉型正義的過程下如何完整地形塑與實踐，能夠讓臺灣在處理相關議題上有所借鑑與反思。

When a country transforms from an authoritarian dictatorship into democracy, due to its different historical and colonial backgrounds, the first thing to do after establishing democracy is to build up its transitional justice. It may not show the economic construction or the source of budgetary benefits after a democratic society, but it might relate to the difficulty of governing the society for this democratic re-gime in the future. This is an extremely large and labor-intensive process. The impact is to clear and end an old and unbearable era, and to ensure that the ruling party of a democratic regime can allocate the resources for benefiting the country and the people, instead of being used to deal with the corruption of the totalitarian past. Therefore, the theme of transitional justice is not only serious also extensive, and its impact is not only on reconciliation and liquidation, but also on leaving a clean and unburdened social environment and collective memory for their future generations of citizens.This dissertation explores how the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) transforms into democracy after their reunification to clarify the causes of the tragedy, implement its own transitional justice, and rebuild people's trust in each other and to the government. The author at-tempts to examine from the perspective of the Stasi Museum how it discloses and interprets its histori-cal archives in order to help the forgotten victims (die vergessenen Opfer). Especially in nowadays, when there might be some distance from the history of World War II, how the Stasi Museum passes on human rights education and perpetuate memory has become a new and difficult issue. It is hoped that by analyzing how this case is completely shaped and implemented under the process of the Transition Justice, Taiwan is able to learn from it and reflect on related issues.