後工業城市之觀光發展－以德國魯爾區為例

Abstract

過去因為工業而蓬勃發展的城市，在經歷了全球化及去工業化的挑戰之後，面臨了嚴重的經濟衰退及伴隨而來的社會問題。為了復甦城市經濟，後工業化城市開始試圖以文化發展觀光，並啟動城市的再生，格拉斯哥和畢爾包便是工業城市轉型再生的成功案例。對於後工業城市而言，發展城市觀光的目的便在於取代已非經濟重心的工業，同時創造就業機會並將閒置土地做更好的利用。本文以曾經是德國最大傳統重工業帶的魯爾工業區為研究個案，配合相關文獻回顧，以個案研究方式分三個主題探討後工業化城市的觀光發展。首先討論工業遺產，魯爾區善加利用工業時期遺留下來之遺產發展工業遺產觀光，使工業遺產能夠延續其本質，並且透過轉化的過程創造出新的利用性價值，替魯爾區帶來正面的環境、社會文化、以及經濟影響；第二個主題為大型文化節慶，以2010歐洲文化之都為例，佐以多項數據證明歐洲文化之都確實為魯爾區帶來觀光效益急遽成長，並且成功改善其城市意象及提高遊客的再訪率，建立永續發展的基石；最後以埃森市的關稅同盟礦區為例，分析魯爾區藉由各部門之間的夥伴關係與治理網絡，克服其區域上的複雜性，順利整合資源發展文化觀光。結論的部分歸納出魯爾區的觀光發展進程以及其成功的要素，並提出其未來可能面對的挑戰與反思。Cities that had flourished from thriving industry were fraught with severe economic decline and subsequent social problems because of globalization and de-industrialization. To rebuild the economy, post-industrial cities started to promote cultural tourism to boost urban regeneration. For post-industrial cities, the goal of developing city tourism is to substitute the shrinking industry, create new job opportunities, and exploit the unused land. Taking the Ruhr Region, once the Germany's largest heavy industrial belt, as a case, discussion on three different topics is made to explore its tourism development. The discussion begins on how the Ruhr plays to its strengths to develop industrial heritage tourism, which creates new value for the legacy of industrial era through a process of transformation from production to consumption, and has positive impacts on environmental, socio-cultural, and economic aspects. Then comes the section of event, in which 2010 European Capital of Culture is taken as a representative example. Evidence has shown that the title of ECOC bings Ruhr beneficial results in both tourism development and image improvement. Finally, the topic of governance and partnership between different sectors is brought up. Through vertical and horizontal networ, Ruhr successfully integrate resources to boost cultural tourism. Conducting case study as the research approach, the study explores how post-industrial cities develop tourism and achieve the goal of sustainable development.