華語與越語拒絕策略之對比研究與華語教學建議

Abstract

「拒絕」如同生活中的一種「調味品」，它雖然可能帶來一時的不適，卻能增添人際互動的層次與深度。適時的拒絕不僅幫助我們堅守自身的界限，還能讓對方更加珍視我們的真誠與選擇。就像調味品一樣，拒絕的方式與分量需拿捏得當，才能在保護自己和尊重他人之間取得平衡，最終營造出更和諧的溝通氛圍。「拒絕」的表達方式不僅與個人溝通風格息息相關，也深受文化背景的影響。臺灣與越南同為集體主義社會，重視人際和諧與群體利益，但在校園溝通的情境中，兩國的拒絕策略在表現形式與具體運用上各具特色。本研究以語篇補全測試作為研究工具，針對社會地位與社會距離兩項影響變項進行設計，蒐集華語與越語母語者在校園情境中的拒絕語料。研究結果表明，華語母語者與越語母語者在校園情境中的拒絕行為策略呈現多樣化。兩種語言均反映了集體主義文化的特徵，傾向透過間接策略中的阻礙因素來實現拒絕目的。相比之下，華語母語者在拒絕行為中更頻繁地結合使用輔助策略，而越語母語者較少依賴於附加的表達感謝或表達歉意等輔助策略。華語與越語母語者在校園情境中的拒絕策略均受到社會地位與社會距離的雙重影響，但其表現特徵存在明顯差異。華語母語者在拒絕高地位者時，更加重視關係維護與禮貌的表達；而在地位相同者之間，則根據社會距離的差異展現多樣的拒絕方式。相比之下，越語母語者對情境的敏感度較高，與高地位者互動時強調間接性與禮貌性，與地位相當者互動時，則隨親疏關係的不同，在拒絕的直接性與言語靈活性方面有所調整。在教學應用方面，本研究根據研究結果，為越籍華語學習者設計教學方案，旨在減少語用失誤，提升學習者在拒絕言語行為中的語用能力。

“Refusal” is like a “seasoning” in life. Although it may bring temporary discomfort, it can add levels and depth to interpersonal interactions. Timely refusal not only helps us stick toour own boundaries, but also makes the other party value our sincerity and choices more. Just like seasoning, the way and amount of refusal must be properly measured to strike a balance between protecting yourself and respecting others, and ultimately create a more harmonious communication atmosphere. The way of expressing “refusal” is not only closely related to personal communication style, but also deeply influenced by cultural background. Taiwan and Vietnam are both collectivist societies that value interpersonal harmony and group interests, but in the context of campus communication, the two countries' refusal strategies have their own characteristics in terms of expression and specific application. This study uses the discourse completion test as a research tool, designs two influencing variables, social status and social distance, and collects refusal data from native Chinese and Vietnamese speakers in campus situations. The research results show that the refusal behavior strategies of native Chinese speakers and native Vietnamese speakers in campus situations are diverse. Both languages reflect the characteristics of collectivist cultures, which tend to use the obstruction factor in indirect strategies to achieve refusal. In contrast, Chinese speakers more frequently combined auxiliary strategies in their refusal behaviors, while Vietnamese speakers relied less on additional auxiliary strategies such as expressing gratitude or apologizing. The refusal strategies of Chinese and Vietnamese native speakers in campus situations are both influenced by social status and social distance, but there are obvious differences in their performance characteristics. When rejecting someone of higher status, native Chinese speakers place more emphasis on maintaining relationships and expressing politeness; however, when rejecting someone of the same status, they display a variety of refusal methods based on differences in social distance. In contrast, Vietnamese native speakers are more sensitive to situations. When interacting with people of higher status, they emphasize indirectness and politeness. When interacting with people of equal status, they vary the directness and verbalization of their refusals depending on the degree of intimacy. There have been some adjustments in flexibility.In terms of teaching application, this study designs a teaching program for Vietnamese Chinese learners based on the research results, aiming to reduce pragmatic errors and improve learners' pragmatic ability in rejecting language behaviors.