國小學童家長成人依附風格、自我慈悲與親職壓力之相關研究

Abstract

研究者從實務經驗發想國小學童家長不同的成人依附風格、對於自我的感受，可能對於其在擔任親職角色上的壓力有所不同，整理過去文獻發現，在國內極少探討成人依附風格與親職壓力，本研究之目的在討論國小學童家長成人依附風格與親職壓力的相關性，並檢驗自我慈悲在成人依附風格與親職壓力之間的中介效果。研究採立意取樣方式，對象為研究者服務之桃園市某一國民小學一至六年級學童家長為，共蒐集664份有效樣本，採用紙本問卷填答，選用的研究工具有「人際依附風格量表表」、「自我悲愍量表」、「親職壓力量表」，透過描述統計、多變量變異數分析、相關分析、及中介效果分析，得出主要研究結果如下：國小學童家長的「成人依附風格」現況，以「安全依附」為最多數佔總人數52.71%，其次為「排除依附」，比例為33.58%，接續為「焦慮依附」10.69%，而「逃避依附」最少數為3.02%；家長在「自我慈悲」的表現為中上程度，而在「親職壓力」上的現況則是中間偏低；在「成人依附風格」上差異分析上，碩士畢業者在「安全依附」傾向高於專科畢業者；未有婚姻關係者在「逃避依附」傾向高於已有婚姻關係者；家庭月收入2至5萬元者在「焦慮依附」及「逃避依附」皆高於10至15萬元及20萬元以上者；在「自我慈悲」的差異分析上，36至40歲者在「共同苦境」上表現顯著高於41～45歲者，而家庭月收入2萬元以下者明顯在「自我仁慈」及「共同苦境」的表現分別高於5至10萬者以及10～15萬者，最後無收入者」明顯在「自我批評」高於月收入20萬以上者；而家庭型態方面在「共同苦境」及過度認同」達顯著差異；在「親職壓力」的差異分析上，未有婚姻關係者在「親子互動失調」及「夫妻關係阻礙」明顯高於已有婚姻關係者；而無收入者在「親職能力限制」明顯高於20萬元收入以上者，接著在「親子互動失調」與「夫妻關係阻礙」上的表現，月收入2萬以下者都明顯高於10～15萬者及5～20萬者；而最後單親家庭在「親子互動失調」明顯高於核心家庭；在夫妻關係阻礙」明顯高於大家庭、折衷家庭及核心家庭；國小學童家長「安全依附」、「焦慮依附」、「逃避依附」、「排除依附」與「自我慈悲」皆與「親職壓力」總分有相關；「排除依附」傾向者與「自我慈悲」相關未達顯著，而「安全依附、「焦慮依附及「逃避依附皆與「自我慈悲有達顯著相關；「自我慈悲」在「安全依附」、「焦慮依附」及「逃避依附」對「親職壓力」的影響中有部份的中介效果。最後依據以上研究結果提供家長、教育工作者、親職教育工作者及其他相關人員在親職及自我成長的建議，並說明本研究的限制以及建議。The researcher found from practical experience that parents “Adult Attachment Styles” and feelings about themselves may have different levels of “Parenting Stress.” After reviewing the past literature. The researcher found that there is very little researches about “Adult Attachment Styles,” Self-compassion, parenting pressures in.The purpose of this study is to discuss the correlation between adult attachment style, “Self-compassion” and “Parenting Stress” of Elementary School Students’ Parents and to examine the mediating effect of three variables. The study chooses purposive sampling to surveying Elementary School Students’ Parents who have children in 1 to 6 grades in an elementary school in Taoyuan City in Taiwan. A total of 664 valid samples are collected by answering paper questionnaires. There are “Attachment Style Scale,” “Self-compassion Scale,” “Self-compassion Scale,” “Parenting Stress” to be use for research tool. Through descriptive statistics, Manova analysis, correlation analysis, and mediation effect analysis to get the main research results as described below:The current situation of “Adult Attachment Styles” of Elementary School Students’ Parents. “Secure Attachment” is the largest number, accounting for 52.71% of the total number, followed by “Dismissing Attachment,” accounting for 33.58%, followed by “Preoccupied Attachment” 10.69%, and “Fearful Attachment,” the last number, accounting for 3.02%; the status of “Self-compassion” is upper-middle level; the status of “Parenting Stress” is middle-to-low.In the analysis of the differences in “Adult Attachment Styles,” those with a master’s degree have a higher “Secure Attachmemt” than those with a college degree; those who have married have higher “Fearful Attachment” than those who have no marrige relationship; those who with a monthly family income of 20,000 to 50,000 dollars have higher “Preocupied Attachment” and “Avoidance Attachment” than who 100,000 to 20,0000 dollars. Additionally, in the analysis of differences in “Self-compassion,” people aged 36 to 40 are significantly higher in “Common Humanity” than those aged 41-45, and those whose income less than 20,000 dollars are significantly higher in “Self-kindness” and “Common Humanity” than those with 50,000 to 100,000 dollars and 100,000-150,000, dollars. Finally, those no income is obviously “Self-criticism” higher than those monthly income more than 200,000. In terms of family type, there are significant differences in “Common Humanity” and “Over-identification.” In the analysis of differences in parenting pressure, those who have in a marriage relationship have significantly higher “Parent-child Interaction,” “Disorders” and “Marital Relationship Obstacles” than those who have married; while those who have no income have significantly higher parental “Ability Restrictions” than those who income more than 200,000 dollars. Then, in terms of “Parent-child Interaction Disorders” and obstacles “Obstacles of Couple Relationships,” those who with no incomes were significantly higher than those with 100,000 to 150,000 and 50,000 to 200,000. In the end, “The Dysfunction of Parent-child Interaction” in single-parent family was significantly higher than nuclear family. On the other hand,“Obstacles of Couple Relationships” in single-parent family are significantly higher than extended family, eclectic family and nuclear family.Furthermore, Elementary School Students’ Parents are related to the total score of “Parenting Stress,” including “Secure Attachment,” “Preoccupied Attachment,” “Fearful Attachment” and “Dismissing Attachment” and “Self-compassion.” In other hand, “Dismissing Attachment” are not significantly related to “Self-compassion.” “Secure Attachment” is not significantly related to “Secure Attachment,” “Preoccupied Attachment,” and “Fearful Attachment” were significantly associated with “Self-compassion.” Moreover, “Self-compassion” has a partial mediating effect on “Secure Attachment,” “Preoccupied Attachment” and “Fearful Attachment.”Finally, suggestions for parenting and self-development from parents and educators and limitations and suggestions for this study are provided.