急性認知要求運動對國小學童抑制控制之影響

Abstract

抑制控制 (inhibitory control) 又稱衝動控制，是執行功能的核心元素之一，他影響著個體控制自身注意力、行為、思考、和情緒的能力，有良好的抑制控制，能克服內在或外在誘因，以做出更適切的反應。過去研究顯示，運動有助於增強抑制控制以及其他認知的能力，而高認知要求運動對提升大腦的抑制控制有更顯著的效益方法：本研究招募28位國小學童 (平均年齡8.67歲)，採用採群集隨機抽樣，並進行組內設計，每位參與者皆進行三種情境30分鐘的介入，分別為高認知要求運動情境 (HE)、低認知要求運動情境 (LE)、控制情境 (AC)。在運動情境中，參與者需根據不同認知要求的跳繩運動設計，進行 30分鐘中等強度的跳繩運動介入。介入後，進行運動自覺量表及心率測量，以確保達到中等強度運動，運動前後也需進行Go/No-go task，紀錄介入前後的反應時間，並將依變項的結果後測減前測，以獲得改變量。接著再以重複量數單因子變異數分析，針對反應時間跟正確率改變量進行統計分析，若達顯著水準，則進行事後比較。本研究操弄成效良好，心率與運動自覺量 (RPE) 結果顯示，兩種運動情境 (高、低認知要求) 之運動強度皆顯著高於控制情境，且兩者間無顯著差異，確認運動強度控制一致；同時，認知負荷評級結果也呈現顯著差異，高認知要求情境主觀負荷最高，後面依序為低認知要求、控制情境，顯示參與者對於不同情境之認知負荷程度有正確的感受。整體而言，不同認知要求跳繩的介入皆有效促進兒童達到中等強度運動標準，並在抑制控制表現方面有正向趨勢，尤其在反應時間改善幅度上顯著優於控制情境，然而對正確率之提升沒有顯著成效。Inhibitory control, also known as impulse control, is a core component of executive function. It plays a crucial role in an individual's ability to regulate attention, behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Strong inhibitory control allows individuals to overcome internal or external temptations and make more appropriate responses. Previous studies have shown that physical activity can enhance inhibitory control and other cognitive abilities, with cognitively demanding exercise demonstrating greater benefits for improving inhibitory control in the brain.This study recruited 28 elementary school students (average age 8–9 years) using cluster random sampling and employed a within-subject design. Each participant completed three 30-minute intervention conditions: high cognitive demand exercise (HE), low cognitive demand exercise (LE), and a control condition (AC). During the exercise interventions, participants engaged in moderate-intensity jump rope activities designed with varying levels of cognitive demand. After each intervention, participants completed the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and heart rate measurements to ensure exercise intensity reached a moderate level. Additionally, the Go/No-go task was administered before and after each intervention to record changes in reaction time. The dependent variables were calculated by subtracting pre-test scores from post-test scores, and repeated measures one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the change in reaction time and accuracy. Post hoc comparisons were conducted if significant differences were found.The manipulation check confirmed the effectiveness of the interventions. Both exercise conditions (HE and LE) showed significantly higher heart rates and RPE values compared to the control condition, with no significant difference between the two exercise conditions, indicating consistent exercise intensity. Moreover, cognitive load ratings differed significantly among the three conditions, with the HE condition showing the highest perceived cognitive load, followed by LE and AC, suggesting participants correctly perceived the varying cognitive demands. Overall, both cognitively demanding jump rope interventions effectively promoted moderate-intensity physical activity and showed a positive trend in improving inhibitory control, particularly with significantly greater improvement in reaction time compared to the control group. However, no significant improvement was found in accuracy performance.