新冠肺炎時期的國際話語角力 —臺灣、美國及中國元首演說內容的批判話語分析

Abstract

本文旨在檢視臺灣、美國及中國三位元首在新冠肺炎疫情期間發表的國際演說，蔡總統、川普與習近平採取何種話語策略來傳達政治意圖，以及三人在演說中隱含的政治霸權支配與意識型態宰制。研究以蔡總統在第3屆「哥本哈根民主高發會」演說內容、川普與習近平在第75屆聯合國大會的演說內容為文本，運用渥妲克的歷史取向批判話語分析，並做詳細的個案研究，瞭解元首如何操作政治語言、對疫情的態度，以及文本中語言、歷史與權力間的複雜關係。研究發現，對美中兩國而言，聯合國大會是一個展示國力的舞台，川普以「美國優先」作為演說的核心價值，在各種議題上和中國進行意識型態的角力鬥爭，且散發出強烈的「愛國主義」情緒；習近平透過演說，對內團結中國的民族主義，藉以鞏固領導地位，對外展現大國之姿引領各國合作抗疫。相較於美中雙方的猛烈對抗，蔡總統顯得相對保守，將疫情與民主、自由連結在一起，強調臺灣在疫情期間的公眾外交成果，並透過集體記憶，建構屬於臺灣人民的防疫故事。This study attempts to clarify the discursive strategies Donald Trump, Tsai Ing-wen and Xi Jinping used to convey their political intentions by examining their public speech at the 75th UN General Assembly and Copenhagen Democracy Summit during COVID-19 period.Through the discourse-historical approach of critical discourse analysis suggested by Ruth Wodak, this study aimed to analyze their political utterances in speeches, and uncover how they deliver ideology in gaining power where in power, self-reference, calls for identity and their attitudes towards COVID-19.It finds that the US and China were competing at the UN General Assembly to show leadership. US-China tussle on ideology, and any kind of issue. “America First” ideology is the core value of Trump’s speech, Trump revealed his version of patriotism while Xi’s speech emphasized Chinese nationalism to consolidate his power and the qualifications of superpower status. Tsai Ing-wen’s speech tended to be conservative, by making the connection with COVID-19 pandemic, democracy and freedom. Tsai’s speech emphasized Taiwan’s pragmatic “warm power” public diplomacy during the COVID-19 period, and constructed the collective memory of Taiwanese.