前次推桿表現對左顳葉 – 前額葉皮質連結性的影響
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2024
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隨著新動作技能的學習，將學習初期的高度仰賴陳述性知識逐漸轉變為程序性知識，行為的特徵也從近似於雙歷程理論的控制化歷程轉而偏向自動化歷程。然而，當運動員在面臨失誤時，運動員會根據失誤提供的回饋，從記憶中尋找類似的經驗，參照並應用在接下來的修正動作。然而，對於表現修正的心理運作機制卻鮮少被探討。因此，本研究欲探討動作修正背後的心理歷程機制，藉由觀察高爾夫運動員前次推桿表現的好壞表現對下一桿的影響，了解受到前次表現影響後的推桿動作準備期之大腦活動狀態。本研究招募40位有技能的高爾夫運動員，其技能水準設為差點18以下。推桿作業為3公尺人造果嶺的60次推桿，並於推桿作業的同時進行腦波的收集。為了探討認知負荷與語言邏輯是否是動作修正時的大腦運作機制，本研究以額葉中線Fz與顳葉區 T7 的α2 (10~12 赫茲) 權重相位延滯指數 (weight phase lag index, wPLI) 皮質連結性，來探討左半腦Fz – T7的皮質連結程度。本研究假定當運動員在前一桿失誤後會進行動作修正，因此大腦活動會1. 呈現較高的前額葉 (Fz) 與左顳葉 (T7) 的α2連結性；及2. T7 α2功率下降。因此以表現 2 (前次表現進球vs前次表現沒進球) x 時間2 (-2000 ms ~ -1000 ms、-1000 ms ~ 0 ms) 之推桿的α2連結性進行二因子重複量數變異數分析來考驗研究假設1。以表現 2 (前次表現進球vs前次表現沒進球) x時間2 (-2000 ms ~ -1000 ms、-1000 ms ~ 0 ms) 之推桿α2功率進行二因子重複量數變異數分析來考驗研究假設2，若有交互作用則進行成對樣本T檢定。另外，本研究為了確認前次表現後動作修正之影響僅會出現在Fz – T7 的α2連結性及T7 α2功率下降，還會針對不同腦區 (右顳葉T8、額葉 Fz、中央區Cz、頂葉Pz、枕葉Oz)、旁側頻率區間 {(α1: 8 ~ 10 Hz)、(β1: 12 ~ 15 Hz)} 進行控制分析排除其他可能的差異。研究結果顯示比起前一桿成功，在前一推桿表現失誤後，下一次推桿動作準備期隨著越接近推桿動作執行， Fz – Cz α2皮質連結性強度越強。頻譜功率分析則發現不管前一桿的表現如何，下一桿準備期在全腦除了左顳葉區，呈現越接近推桿前，大範圍的α2功率下降。總結來說，過去研究發現α2增加與功能性抑制有關，本研究結果提出參與者在需要高度注意力投入的作業中會傾向依賴動作計畫區Fz – 體感區Cz α2皮質連結。
With the learning of new motor skills, the high reliance on declarative knowledge in the early stage of learning gradually changes to procedural knowledge, and the characteristics of behavior also change from a controlled process similar to the dual-process theory to an automated process. However, when an athlete faces a mistake, the athlete will refer to similar experiences in his memory based on the feedback provided by the mistake, and refer to and apply them in the subsequent movement adjustment. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying performance modification have rarely been explored. Therefore, this study intends to explore the psychological mechanism behind movement adjustment by observing the impact of golfers' putting performance on the following putt, to understand the brain activity state during the preparation period for the next putt. This study recruited 40 skilled golfers, whose skill level was set to a handicap of 18 or below. The putting task consisted of 60 putts on a 3-meter artificial green, and EEG were collected while doing the task. In order to explore whether cognitive load and language logic are the brain operating mechanisms during action modification, this study used the frontal midline Fz, and temporal T7 α2 (10 ~ 12 Hz) weighted phase lag index (wPLI) connectivity to explore the degree of cortical connectivity of Fz – T7 in the left hemisphere. This study assumes that when athletes perform movement adjustment, brain activity will 1. show higher α2 connectivity between the frontal (Fz) and the left temporal (T7) and 2. decrease T7 α2 power. Therefore, it is planned to conduct a two-way ANOVA to test the research hypothesis 1 by using the α2 connectivity of performance 2 (prior holed vs prior unholed) x time 2 (-2000 ms ~ -1000 ms、-1000 ms ~ 0 ms). A two – way ANOVA was performed to test the research hypothesis 2 using the α2 power of the performance 2 (prior holed vs prior unholed) x time 2 (-2000 ms ~ -1000 ms, -1000 ms ~ 0 ms). If there is an interaction, a paired sample T test is performed. In addition, in order to confirm that the impact of movement correction after the previous performance failure will only appear on the α2 connectivity of Fz-T7 and the decrease in α2 power of T7, several control analysis were performed on different brain regions (right temporal T8, frontal Fz, central Cz, parietal Pz, occipital Oz) and side frequency intervals {(α1: 8 ~ 10 Hz), (β1: 12 ~ 15 Hz)}. The research results reveal that, following an error in the preceding putting stroke, as the subsequent putting action preparation phase approaches execution, the strength of the Fz - Cz α2 cortical connectivity intensifies. Spectrum power analysis further indicates a widespread decrease in α2 power across the entire brain, except in the left temporal lobe, as the putting stroke draws nearer. In summary, consistent with previous studies associating an increase in α2 with functional inhibition, the findings of this study propose that participants, when engaged in tasks requiring high attentional involvement, tend to rely on the cortical connectivity of the action planning area (Fz - somatosensory area Cz α2).
With the learning of new motor skills, the high reliance on declarative knowledge in the early stage of learning gradually changes to procedural knowledge, and the characteristics of behavior also change from a controlled process similar to the dual-process theory to an automated process. However, when an athlete faces a mistake, the athlete will refer to similar experiences in his memory based on the feedback provided by the mistake, and refer to and apply them in the subsequent movement adjustment. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying performance modification have rarely been explored. Therefore, this study intends to explore the psychological mechanism behind movement adjustment by observing the impact of golfers' putting performance on the following putt, to understand the brain activity state during the preparation period for the next putt. This study recruited 40 skilled golfers, whose skill level was set to a handicap of 18 or below. The putting task consisted of 60 putts on a 3-meter artificial green, and EEG were collected while doing the task. In order to explore whether cognitive load and language logic are the brain operating mechanisms during action modification, this study used the frontal midline Fz, and temporal T7 α2 (10 ~ 12 Hz) weighted phase lag index (wPLI) connectivity to explore the degree of cortical connectivity of Fz – T7 in the left hemisphere. This study assumes that when athletes perform movement adjustment, brain activity will 1. show higher α2 connectivity between the frontal (Fz) and the left temporal (T7) and 2. decrease T7 α2 power. Therefore, it is planned to conduct a two-way ANOVA to test the research hypothesis 1 by using the α2 connectivity of performance 2 (prior holed vs prior unholed) x time 2 (-2000 ms ~ -1000 ms、-1000 ms ~ 0 ms). A two – way ANOVA was performed to test the research hypothesis 2 using the α2 power of the performance 2 (prior holed vs prior unholed) x time 2 (-2000 ms ~ -1000 ms, -1000 ms ~ 0 ms). If there is an interaction, a paired sample T test is performed. In addition, in order to confirm that the impact of movement correction after the previous performance failure will only appear on the α2 connectivity of Fz-T7 and the decrease in α2 power of T7, several control analysis were performed on different brain regions (right temporal T8, frontal Fz, central Cz, parietal Pz, occipital Oz) and side frequency intervals {(α1: 8 ~ 10 Hz), (β1: 12 ~ 15 Hz)}. The research results reveal that, following an error in the preceding putting stroke, as the subsequent putting action preparation phase approaches execution, the strength of the Fz - Cz α2 cortical connectivity intensifies. Spectrum power analysis further indicates a widespread decrease in α2 power across the entire brain, except in the left temporal lobe, as the putting stroke draws nearer. In summary, consistent with previous studies associating an increase in α2 with functional inhibition, the findings of this study propose that participants, when engaged in tasks requiring high attentional involvement, tend to rely on the cortical connectivity of the action planning area (Fz - somatosensory area Cz α2).
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Keywords
權重相位延滯指數, 高爾夫, 腦波, 動作修正, weight phase lag index, Golf, EEG, Motor adjustment