「惡搞新聞」再造與變造—娛樂下的公共領域

Abstract

公共領域概念源於哈伯瑪斯，是民主政治中重要的「基石」，而過去大眾媒體時代，卻無開闢更多的空間，因「商業」與「政治」介入，大大限縮的自由言論的產出，使言論市場的「多樣性」消失，其論述本身不是流於膚淺表面，就成為特定意識形態的工具，形成一種「公共領域再封建化」之現象。自網路誕生以來即被賦予新公共領域的想像，但學界多存疑，認為過於破碎化的資訊，無法凝聚的群眾，而網路不具「理性」的前提下，更無法成為理想的公共領域。本研究由「單一理性」轉以「多元差異」觀點看待網路現況。隨新科技進步閱聽人得以跨越門檻，成為產製一方，網路原生文本以新聞作為「惡搞」素材，此類型的網路影片／節目，成為近年左右社會論述的能量。本研究以電視談話性節目為出發，盼能對照目前網路公共領域之樣態，並檢視網路原生惡搞新聞性影片內涵，最終評估網路公共領域之現況。本研究以內容分析法、文本分析為研究方法選定2015至2020年的網路惡搞節目「眼球中央電視台」〈央視一分鐘〉為分析單位。內容分析結果顯示「硬性資訊」為主要取材，多涵蓋政治、國防外交、內政等議題，影片出現人物則多以政府官員、政黨代表、民意代表等「傳統菁英」為代表，播報方式多能引起閱聽人情緒反應，甚至營造對立抗衡的態勢，並給予事件評價之情況。文本分析則發現，惡搞新聞過程中以拆解文本以併置與拼湊，主播扮演「無知者」使這些代表社會權威的符號脫離原本的用途，成為網友追求娛樂的工具，在擁有相近背景的群體中凝聚成「對抗性公眾」，進而對某一個議題話語競爭，在諷原文本的權威後瓦解它，有助於宰制階級釋放話語掌控權，更顯現出「主體性」的展現，且落於主流媒體外的邊緣聲音，得以被社會大眾看見，公共領域由單一理性的觀點轉向尊重「差異」的多元思考，進而以嶄新的視角，觀看網路公共領域之現況。The concept of public sphere originated from Habermas and is an important"cornerstone" in democratic politics. However, in the past mass media era, there was no more space. Due to the intervention of "business" and "politics", the greatly restricted substitution of free speech has made the "diversity" of the speech market disappear. It is superficial in itself and has become a tool of a specific ideology, forming a kind of "public sphere". The phenomenon of ``feudalization''. Since the birth of the Internet, it has been given the expectations of the new public realm,but the academic circles suspect that the information is fragmented and the masses cannot be gathered. On the premise that the Internet is not"rational," it cannot become an ideal public sphere. This research shifts from "single rationality" to a "multiple differences" perspective on the current state of the Internet.With the advancement of new technology, the audience were able to cross the threshold and become the prosumer. The native text of the Internet uses news as the "spoof" material. This type of online video/program has become the energy of social discussion in recent yearsThis research is based on TV talk shows, hoping to compare the current state of the Internet public sphere, and examine the connotation of the original Internet kuso news videos, and finally evaluate the current status of the Internet public sphere.This research uses content analysis and text analysis as the research method. The scale of the" EyeCTV " from 2015 to 2020.Content analysis results show that "hard information" is the main content, including political, national defense and foreign affairs, internal affairs and other topics. The characters in the film are mostly government officials, representatives of political parties, and representatives of public opinion. Most of the performances can arouse emotional reactions from viewers, and even create antagonisms and give an evaluation of the event.The text analysis found that the KUSO news process used dismantling the text to become another meaning. The performers acted as"stupid" to divorce these symbols representing social authority from their original purpose and become a tool for netizens to pursue entertainment. Groups with similar backgrounds condense into " Agonistic pluralism ", and then compete for a certain topic discourse. After satirizing the authority of the original text, it will disintegrate it, which will help the dominant class to release the control of the media and show the display of "subjectivity." .Vulnerable ethnic groups can be seen by thepublic, and the public sphere has shifted from a single rational point of view to multiple thinking that respects"differences", and then observe the current state of the Internet public sphere from a new perspective.