改變中的華文教育-沙巴華小多元族群的歷史發展與現況

Abstract

馬來西亞華文小學教育乃是大馬華族先輩傳承中華文化及民族精神的教育堡壘、母語教育的搖籃。華小教育儘管依然有不間斷的問題需要克服，仍迎來許多非華族家長的肯定。如今，母語教育的「根」迎來了許多友族的子女，華小成了多族群共同成長、學習、回憶和生活的土壤。 近年來學者及華社對非華族學生就學的種種看法，仍停留在經驗性認識的層面上，對於非華族為主體的印象仍無法更具體的顯現；非華族學生在接受六年華小教育對華小的行政體系效能、文化、核心價值等議題，皆缺乏分析比較的驗證性認識層面。非華族學生一直保持高比例的沙巴州華文小學具有其歷史特殊性，83所華小的非華族學生人數平均為三成四，有者更高達九成，無論是大型華小或微型華小皆保持高比例的非華族學生。 本篇論文透過由非華族學生就學歷史淵源長達40年的沙巴州開始著手，利用田野觀察訪談及歷史文獻，嘗試解析非華族學生的家庭特徵、選擇就讀華小的因素、觀察華小內各族裔的語言應用、學校行政的變化、非華族家長的視角和建言，期望及時有系統地理解此現象的成因和發展，同時指出一、非華族學生就學將會持續穏定地成長；二、華小將邁入新的「後華小時代」；三、「同根生」將會是華社與政府對話的緩衝劑；四、懂得「華語」將成為全馬各族群的共識；五、華社面對非華族學生的加入需要制定一套可行的指導方針。「非華族、華族與華小」課題所帶來的意義及影響必須受到重視。The primary Chinese schools in Malaysia are the strongholds of Chinese mother language. In Malaysia, primary Chinese school is a sub-system within general education system. In the early stage, many discourses pointed out that Chinese education will meet crisis and difficult under government’s modular education policy, however, the primary Chinese schools have fully demonstrated strong adaptability. Now-a-days , in spite of many obstacles are waiting to be overcome in Chinese schools, more and more non-Chinese parents sent their child to Chinese schools. By previous studies or reports, the viewpoints of non-Chinese pupils in primary Chinese schools are the voices of experience. There is no related research about non-Chinese pupils as the main theme. The research is focus on Sabah state in Malaysia, because of its high ratio of non-Chinese pupils in the primary Chinese schools. As its unique historical reasons, the average ratio of non-Chinese pupils in primary Chinese schools is 34%, and some schools are even more than 90%, mo matter large scale schools or micro scale schools. The paper starts from the unique enrollment history and indicates their features of family’s backgrounds, motivations of enroll, parents’ expects, and the change of schools. This research points out the following: 1. The enrollment of non-Chinese pupils will increase continually. 2.It comes the stage of post-Chinese school. 3. They will be the medium or buffer between the government and the Chinese societies. 4. Knowing Chinese will be a common sense in Malaysia. 5. The Chinese societies, especially educational groups concerned, have to draft a guidance of the enrollment of non-Chinese pupils, and the related matters.