以原住民文化為主題之幼兒圖畫書文本分析

Abstract

綜觀目前本土兒童文學的創作雖日趨增多，但以原住民文化為主的幼兒圖畫書數量並不多。原住民幼兒能閱讀到的圖畫書，大多數是翻譯自國外的圖畫書，其間內容所描述的是外國幼兒的生活經驗，與原住民幼兒的生活經驗相當不同，此一現象恐對幼兒族群文化認同產生影響。因此本研究旨在探究近二十年來市面上所出版的幼兒圖畫書中，以「原住民文化」為主題的幼兒圖畫書其中所呈現的原住民文化內涵與塑造的族群文化觀。 本研究的研究範圍是：1980年至2008年所出版的以臺灣原住民文化為主題之三十一本幼兒圖畫書，研究者以『原住民幼兒圖畫書』統一稱之。採用文本分析法，分別從圖畫書中的「文字」與「圖像」進行檢視，討論圖畫書之題材選擇，並探討其所傳遞的原住民文化內涵以及觀察文本中所塑造的族群文化觀。 研究發現如下所述： （一）『原住民幼兒圖畫書』分別以「神話類故事」、「傳說類故事」和「自然生 態類故事」三類為主，且大多描寫「阿美族」、「泰雅族」、「排灣族」和「達 悟族」的故事。而題材所描寫的議題分別與「神話傳說」、「祭典禮俗」、「人 物」、「自然生態」、「部落生活」和「精神性格」有關。 （二）藉由觀察文本中不同題材，歸納出圖畫書中所欲傳遞的原住民文化內涵， 如：透過族群獨特的神話傳說、禮俗祭典、介紹英雄人物的史蹟，彰顯族群 獨特的歷史文化；融入原住民的宇宙自然觀和傳統生態智慧，重視族群與大 自然和平共存的價值觀；運用族語、耆老的口傳文學的紀錄，傳承與振興部 落文化。 （三）文本從「地理環境方面」塑造對自身成長居住環境的認同、從「語言方面」 塑造對於母語文化的認同、從「原住民身分」塑造對自己族別的認同、從「傳 統文化方面」塑造對於自身族群的認同。 依據研究發現，研究者從『原住民幼兒圖畫書』中歸納出五點詮釋「原住民文化內容」之意涵：（一）以神話傳說故事為主軸，藉此強調族群的歷史文化（二）圖畫書中刻意以「部落傳統文化」呈現出族群文化特色（三）圖畫書中的圖畫強調族群文化的特色（四）圖畫書意欲傳承並彰顯族群文化之美（五）圖畫書反映出族群文化認同觀點。Although creations in Taiwanese children’s literature have been increasing, aboriginal culture-themed children’s picture books are not many. Most of them were translated from abroad, and their content describes foreign children’s living experiences, which differ considerably from those of aboriginal children. This may have an impact on aboriginal children’s identification with their own ethnic culture. As such, this study aims to explore children’s picture books published over the past 20 years, by focusing on aboriginal culture implications presented and ethnic culture aspects molded in aboriginal culture-themed children’s picture books. This study’s scope of research is as follows: 31 children’s picture books published from 1980 to 2008, with Taiwan’s aboriginal culture the subject. They are called “aboriginal children’s picture books” throughout this research. By adopting textual analysis and reviewing “text” and “pictures” in these picture books, the present work discussed their choice of subject material, analyzed implications of aboriginal culture delivered, and observed ethnic culture perspective molded. The study found the following results: 1. The “aboriginal children’s picture books” could be categorized into “mythologies”, “legends”, and “natural ecology stories”, with most of them depicting stories about “the Amis tribe”, “the Atayal tribe”, “the Paiwan tribe”, and “the Tao tribe”. Subject matter related to “myths and legends”, “rituals and customs”, “characters”, “natural ecology”, “tribal life”, and “spirits and personality”. 2. By observing different subject matters in these texts, aboriginal culture implications to be conveyed were summed up, such as: tribe-specific myths and legends, rituals and customs, achievements of heroes, history and culture; incorporated the Aborigines’ concepts about the cosmos and nature, traditional ecology wisdom, and values that attach importance to the tribe and that co-exist peacefully with nature; utilized tribal language, documentation of oral literature to carry on and promote tribal culture. 3. How the Aborigines identify with their living environment in terms of “geographical environment”, how they identify with their mother language and culture in terms of “language”, how they identify with their tribe in terms of “aboriginal identity”, and how they identify with their ethnic group in terms of “tradition and culture”. From the “aboriginal children’s picture books”, the study concluded 5 points for interpreting “aboriginal culture content” as follows: (1) hinged on myths, legends and story-telling, the books emphasize the tribe’s history and culture; (2) the books deliberately present tribal culture characteristics with “tribal tradition and culture”; (3) pictures in the books feature tribal culture; (4) the books intend to carry on and promote the beauty of tribal culture; (5) the books reflect perspectives recognized by tribal culture.