花東地區茶農氣候變遷調適研究

Abstract

氣候變遷對茶葉生產造成不同程度的威脅，為降低氣候變遷帶來的風險，茶農需做出相對應的調適行為。本研究主要目的在於瞭解花東地區茶農面對氣候變遷的風險感知、調適行為，以及進一步分析影響其調適行為的因素。本研究之研究方法以問卷調查及深度訪談為主，以花東地區茶農為研究對象。透過文獻回顧發現氣候變遷對茶葉生產主要影響包含極端天氣、溫度、雨量以及病蟲害，本研究依據文獻回顧的結果，並選擇個人主動氣候變遷調適模式(MPPACC)作為主要參考之理論架構，完成問卷設計與施測，調查花東地區茶農的氣候變遷風險感知與其採取調適行為之行為意圖；並透過深度訪談，瞭解茶農實際調適行為與其所面對的調適阻礙。本研究發現，花東地區茶農認為未來旱害發生的機率最高，也會帶來較嚴重的影響。茶農對於調適抱持積極的態度，但易受勞動力短缺、茶園灌溉(噴灌)系統不足、缺乏資金、缺乏公共設施與農業政策法規等影響，阻礙茶農進行實際調適行為。茶農過去曾進行與未來想要實施的前五項調適行為相同，包含重視茶園耕作管理、建立良好的生態環境、設置灌溉設施、製作不同茶葉類成品、掌握即時氣象資訊；主要以進行基礎層面的調整，而非添購新設備的硬體層面。本研究發現，製作不同茶類成品也是花東地區茶農重要的調適行為之一，主要是位處低海拔茶區，夏秋茶季氣溫高日照強，製成包種茶類會較苦澀，相對競爭力劣於西部高山茶區；若製成有區隔性之特色茶類蜜香紅茶與紅烏龍茶，則具有市場競爭力，可提升茶葉產值，研究結果彰顯出花東茶區之區域特性。在影響調適意圖與行為因素分析部分，本研究發現：感知調適能力、激勵調適、農民間學習對於花東地區茶農因應氣候變遷採取調適意圖具有正面影響。而激勵調適、調適意圖、客觀調適能力、訊息信任度與農民間學習對於花東地區茶農因應氣候變遷採取實際調適行為具有正面影響；擔憂則為負面影響。Climate change affects tea production areas differently, it influences tea yields across the board by altering precipitation levels, increasing temperatures, shifting the timing of seasons and insect pests. Hence, tea farmers need to undertake corresponding adaptive behaviors to mitigate these threats. The main objective of this study is to understand the risk perceptions and adaptive behaviors of climate change among tea farmers in the Hualien and Taitung counties, and to analyze the factors influencing their adaptive behaviors. Questionnaire survey and in-depth interview are used in this research. Based on the literature review results, this study adopts the MPPACC (Model of Private Proactive Adaptation to Climate Change) as the main theoretical framework and conducts surveys to investigate the tea farmers' risk perception of climate change and their behavioral intentions regarding adaptive actions. Through in-depth interviews, the study explores the actual adaptive behaviors of tea farmers and finds the obstacles they face. The study found that tea farmers in the Hualien and Taitung counties perceive a higher probability of future drought occurrences, which they believe will have more severe impacts. Tea farmers have a positive attitude towards adaptation but also face obstacles such as labor shortages, inadequate irrigation systems, lack of funds, insufficient public facilities, and agricultural policy regulations. The tea farmers have previously undertaken the following adaptive behaviors: emphasizing tea garden management, establishing a favorable ecological environment, installing irrigation facilities, producing different types of tea products, and accessing real-time weather information. These adjustments primarily focus on the foundational aspects rather than acquiring new hardware equipment. The study found that tea farmers in the Hualien and Taitung counties regard producing different types of tea products as an important climate change adaptation action because the low-altitude tea-growing region experiences high temperatures and strong sunlight during the summer and autumn seasons, resulting in a more bitter taste in traditional Baozhong tea compared to the competition from high-mountain tea regions in western Taiwan. Hence, producing distinctive teas such as honey-scented black tea and red oolong tea can enhance market competitiveness and increase the value of tea production, highlighting the regional characteristics of the Hualien and Taitung tea-growing counties.In term of analysis of factors affecting adaptation intentions and behaviors, the study found that perceived adaptive capacity, adaptation incentives, and farmer-to-farmer learning have a positive impact on the tea farmers' intentions to climate change adaptation in the Hualien and Taitung counties. Additionally, adaptation incentives, adaptation intentions, objective adaptive capacity, information trust, and farmer-to-farmer learning positively influence the tea farmers' actual climate change adaptive behaviors.