空間能力、先備知識與表徵順序對七年級概念理解之影響：以人體呼吸運動單元為例

Abstract

本研究主要探討空間能力、先備知識不同的學習者，使用不同的表徵順序學習「人體的呼吸運動」之成效。本研究對象共130名七年級學生，依班級分配置靜動組（先靜態後動態）或動靜組（先動態後靜態），每組各有65名學生。資料收集主要為空間能力量表、概念測驗（前、後測）與16位半結構式晤談。研究結果顯示，接受多重表徵的閱讀活動後，不論空間能力、先備知識的高低或處於表徵順序組別不同，學生對於人體呼吸運動的理解皆有顯著的進步。在表徵順序與空間能力交互作用下，靜動組的高空間能力學生其學習成效顯著優於動靜組的高空間能力者；但兩個表徵順序組中的低空間能力者，其學習成效則無差異。再對照量化與晤談結果發現，動靜組高空間能力者因為先閱讀動態表徵，易被動態表徵中肋骨顯眼的動作所吸引、印象深刻，而易填選與肋骨相關的答案。此外，動靜組學生普遍認為動態表徵速度太快，但靜動組卻沒有此感受，表示此現象可能是因為表徵呈現順序不同所致。

綜合量化與質性之結果，顯示學習時先使用靜態，後觀看動態的表徵呈現順序之學習效果為佳。本研究對於表徵順序探討的結果，希望能提供教學現場、表徵設計者，使用適宜的表徵順序以有效幫助學生學習，也提供給未來研究作參考。The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of representation sequences, spatial ability, and prior knowledge on students’ conceptual understandings of human respiration. 130 seventh graders were assigned to two groups- SD group (with static first, then dynamic), and DS group (with dynamic first, then static), 65 students in each group. Data sources included spatial ability test, pre-test and post-test of concepts, and semi-structured interviews with 16 students. No matter student who has different spatial ability, prior knowledge, or in different groups, results of this study showed that student has significant improvement after reading activities in the human respiration topic. According to the two-way ANCOVA analysis of spatial ability and representation sequences, students with high spatial ability in SD group performed significantly better than those with high spatial ability in DS group on post-test of concepts. However, the analysis also showed no difference on post-test scores between students with low spatial ability in SD and DS groups. To synthesize the results of quantitative and qualitative analyses, students with high spatial ability in DS group tended to choose an answer including the word of “rib,” because they read dynamic representations first, and were easily attracted by the obvious motion of ribs. Additionally, DS group thought that the speed of dynamic representations was too fast, but SD group did not. This result suggested that this perception may be caused to use different representations’ sequence.

In summary, learning achievement will be greater if students are presented with static representations before dynamic ones. The findings of this study can provide suggestions to teachers and software designers on the design of computer-based representations and offer implications for future research.