臺灣參與世界衛生組織之策略分析

Abstract

本論文以我國自1997年委請我友邦向衛生大會（World Health Assembly, WHA）申請成為觀察員開始，以迄2009年我獲世界衛生組織（World Health Organization, WHO）幹事長陳馮富珍正式致函邀請行政院衛生署以觀察員身分出席第62屆世界衛生大會止，歷經13年期間，不同執政者推動我參與世界衛生組織此一聯合國專門機構的政策評析，並以中國大陸、美國、歐盟及日本等主要國家的支持立場為政策變向，探討影響我國在推動參與世界衛生組織的關鍵因素。 此外，本論文佐以國際關係理論中新現實主義和新自由制度主義的部分觀點，期盼以學理的基礎印證研究假設的正確性。至於本論文與相關論文著作不同之處在於：（一）對於影響臺灣參與世界衛生組織政策之國際因素提供更深入的探討；（二）略過民間團體對參與WHO的影響力，而將研究焦點集中在政府政策的得失分析；（三）除了分析李登輝總統、陳水扁總統及馬英九總統3任總統在參與WHO的策略外，更討論政府在不同時期所提出推案名稱的利弊分析；（四）臺灣在2009年4月29日獲邀以「中華台北」(Chinese Taipei)名稱參與WHA之後，本論文亦藉以探討後WHA時代臺灣應如何參與WHO；（五）增加政府官員的訪談記錄，彌補本論文在資料蒐集的不足。 面對臺灣在2009年WHA之後仍必須持續與中國大陸協商往後的參與一事，本研究認為，儘管國內有關主權式微的爭議尚未止息，然後在兩岸關係改善後，以協商取代以往的對抗將不可避免，也將是臺灣從中找到國際生存空間的契機。以彈性、務實的訴求是臺灣在現階段國際局勢中的較佳策略，臺灣期盼獲得國際組織會員的機會並非2009年成功參與WHA後就可一步到位，因此仍須嗣日後兩岸關係及國際局勢加以因應。Analysis of Factors in Taiwan’s partaking in the World Health Organization

In a global community vulnerable to diseases, collaboration and rapid response are required for prevention and control. Taiwan, an original member of the World Health Organization (WHO), has been excluded since 1972 with its withdrawal from the United Nations. In 2003, the eruption of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) jeopardized the lives of 23 million citizens and 400,000 plus foreign nationals residing in Taiwan. Lack of WHO membership at this time prevented Taiwan from taking part in the WHO mechanisms for allocation of vaccines and other diseases control supplies.

From 1997 to 2008, China had been interfering with Taiwan’s applications for the membership of the WHO. Taiwan in fact is willing to ignore the politically contentious issue of WHO membership and has instead been seeking only to become an observer of the World Health Assembly (WHA). This paper aims to clarify the approach of “meaningful participation” that Taiwan promotes in attempting to access to the WHO as well as to analyze the international supports for Taiwan in practice, and the factors that influence this.

The arrival of a new administration in Taiwan in 2008 has provided a welcome opportunity for both sides of the straits to make further progress in practical relations. In addition, the successful attendance at the 62nd WHA under the name “Chinese Taipei” has blessed Taiwan with a once-in-a-millennium opportunity to expand its international space and launched a new era of cross-strait relations. Therefore, this research suggests the possibility of both sides of the straits taking positive steps towards the resumption of a meaningful dialogue and a peaceful resolution to Taiwan’s WHO problem in the future.