社會價值傾向在資源分配上的展現：關係親密度與對立情境的調節

Abstract

人類社會因資源有限而有資源分配的必要性，資源分配是相當複雜的決策歷程，不同個體與不同情境間都存在變異。社會價值傾向即為個體對自己與他人資源分配穩定性偏好的展現。過去研究中多以個體本身的人格特質理解並解釋決策行為，而忽略決策事件對象的影響力。本研究欲更細緻地討論關係親密度以及對立情境是否調節不同社會價值傾向者的資源分配模式。本研究以分解遊戲為工具，作為個體社會價值傾向的指標，並進一步操弄決策者與資源分配對象的關係親密度以及公共議題立場，觀察此二心理變項對不同社會價值傾向者在資源分配時可能造成的影響。實驗一透過系統化地操弄關係親密度，發現關係親密度愈高，親社會傾向的表現比例愈高；實驗二進一步以連續尺度的點數進行資源分配，並計算資源給予、資源剝奪、公平性指標及聯合收益指標，結果發現在關係親密度情境中主要反映資源給予歷程，而當關係親密度愈高，分配給對方的資源愈多。此外，隨著關係親密度愈高，不僅愈追求聯合收益，分配也愈趨於公平。實驗三則操弄自我與對方的立場異同來改變情境，發現對立情境會誘發競爭傾向的展現，相較於非對立情境，給予較少資源，但剝奪較多資源。綜合以上發現，本研究證明關係親密度與立場異同會調節不同社會價值傾向者的資源分配型態。Because total resources are limited, resource allocation is a major issue in psychology. The decision-making process underlying resource allocation is complicated and influenced by numerous factors. Social value orientation is a continuous construct to represent the preference for resource allocation. Triple-Dominance Measure of social values orientation is a frequently used instrument to predict real-life behavior. The social value orientations have been treated as a stable psychological attribute across situations. However, the behavior has been widely influential, in which the processes of resource allocation involved considering the closeness between self and others. In the present study, the closeness between self and others was manipulated across the experiments to systematically investigate how closeness affects the processes of resource allocation. The results demonstrated that the allocated resources varied along with the closeness, and individuals with different social value orientation show a different pattern of resource allocation.