中學生國際觀光活動與地理學習知能之相關研究－以台北市中學生為例

Abstract

地理實察是獲取地理資訊最直接的方法，俗語:「百聞不如一見」，說明了在學習過程中親身經歷的重要。實地觀察所得的經驗令人印象深刻。自1979年起政府陸續實施：開放國人出國觀光、大陸探親以及役男可以出國等政策後，中、小學生即在父母親的安排、教育部及相關單位之鼓勵，以及觀光事業的大力行銷下，親子或學子出國觀光或遊學的活動，絡繹不絕，以有統計數字的年度1994年約15萬人次至2002年約20萬人次，出國人口呈穩定成長。主要拜訪國家以日本、美國、泰國、大陸（香港、澳門）及新加坡為主，這樣的「地理實察」活動，對於學生獲得的地理知能，有怎樣的影響，其未來發展呈怎樣的趨勢，是本文的研究目的。 本研究以台北市中學生為研究案例，利用訪談及問卷調查以了解自1997年到2002年曾赴國外觀光及遊學的國中、高中學生，其地理認知問題。分析有效問卷410份獲得以下成果：受訪國中生平均有3.7次出國經驗，以一次出國經驗者最多；高中生平均有4.5次出國經驗，以三次出國經驗的人數最多。由於升學方式的改變，中學時期以國三暑假時出國的人數最多。參與國際觀光對台北市高中生而言，能親身體驗認識不同的文化和生活方式，擁有新的人生經驗最為重要；國中生則是想去印證觀光接待國的廬山真面目，多認識一個新的國家。 參與國際觀光活動的實際學習成效，高中生行前會以教科書為標準，配合旅遊書籍；國中生則以報章雜誌及旅遊文獻為主，來快速掌握即將前往觀光地區的資訊。旅途中，約有五、六成的中學生會使用地圖，而隨行的導遊和領隊是協助瞭解當地地理特性的主要途徑。大部分的中學生認為觀光與地理學習是能相輔相成，同時因為與不同民族與文化的接觸，因而更尊重異國文化、重視國際禮儀以及珍惜本國文化。對國家的印象認知而言，若以亞洲的泰國、美洲的美國、大洋洲的紐西蘭為例，中學生對泰國人妖秀印象深刻，其次是泰國的天氣炎熱及佛教國家。對美國的領土廣大，觀光資源豐富，以及經濟繁榮印象深刻。對紐西蘭則以乳牛、乳製品及觀光資源豐富，印象深刻。雖然在去過和去過的學生之間，對國家的認知差異性並不大，但去過觀光接待國的中學生，對於觀光地區的人與人、或人與物之間的互動實況，有深刻的體驗與描述。Geographic observation is the most direct way to acquire geographic information and a person can be most impressed through personal experiences. For these years, more and more middle school students have the experiences of going abroad for touring or for tour-studying. In my opinion, such phenomenon results from the reasons as follows : the government has lifted the ban on touring in foreign countries as well as entering the Mainland China for visiting relatives since 1979. Young men at the age of military service are allowed to go abroad, too. With the fast economic development, more parents are capable of affording their children to go on a tour in foreign countries for enhancing their perspectives. Besides, the education authority often hosts some international activities, which provide another access to visiting another country for those students showing special talents in different fields. Of course. The prosperity in tourism industry plays an important part in promoting the increasing population of going abroad. At present, the main destinations for them include Japan, the United States, Thailand, Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao. This research is targeted on the middle school students in Taipei city by the way of questionnaire. After analyzing the 410 effective examples, we find out that averagely, every junior high school has gone abroad 3.7 times and once outnumbers the others, i.e., most students have only gone abroad once. As to the senior high school students, 4.5 times on the average, and most have gone three times. Because of the new entrance examination system, the best and most often time for going abroad is during the summer vacation after their graduation from junior high school. As far astheir aim is concerned, senior high school students hope to experience different cultures and ways of living in person, enjoying brand-new life experience in foreign countries, while junior high school students want to see the real face of a new country and get to know it. Text books in Geography is the main access for a senior high school student to know a new country, but newspapers and magazines help a junior high school student more than other resources. When asked, ”What’s your impression on Thailand, the U.S., and New Zealand?” 56.4% are most impressed with watching the show performed by the persons who have changed sex through surgical means in Thailand, besides, the hot weather and people’s religious belief in Buddha also impress them a lot. 23.6% are surprised to realize that America is such a big and prosperous country, possessing rich resources for tourism. 27.7% have deep impression on the dairy products in New Zealand. One even describes that he has never seen so many cows one time in his life. Based on the research, having been there or never been there actually have little effect on the recognition or understanding of a foreign country, but through interaction with the foreigners in person the students can more specifically describe their experiences. To our disappointment, usually they didn’t make active, detailed or close-up observation about the comparison in natural and cultural surroundings between Taiwan and the countries they visited. Text books, travel books, newspapers and magazines all effectively have helped the students to take hold of the information they need to traveling. On the trip, about 50 to 60% know how to make good use of maps, tour guidelines, and tour leaders. Through all of those, they can know a new place in a short time. Most middle school students believe touring and geographic learning can complement each other. Touring helps improve the interaction between people, cultures, and countries. Moreover, it has great influence on their values, philosophy of life, or even their future lives.