北朝鎮墓獸研究 (AD386~AD581)

Abstract

「鎮墓獸」是歷代中國墓葬中為唯一幻想生物的俑類，造型特殊，且學界對其文化來源、精神意涵也尚無定論。本文以北朝「鎮墓獸」為中心，往上追溯至先秦、東西漢與魏晉、南朝的「鎮墓獸」，往下與隋唐的「鎮墓獸」作連結，希望能藉由量化的考古資料，將「鎮墓獸」的形象風格，作整合與統計，探討「鎮墓獸」葬俗在此時期的發展，並建立由先秦至隋唐的「鎮墓獸」系譜，藉由「鎮墓獸」的造型變化，淺議「鎮墓獸」在墓葬與俑群中的地位變化，與精神意涵。

本文統計了西漢至北周，隨葬有「鎮墓獸」的墓葬之出土分布，以及其分布之地域，並藉由統計結果歸納使用西漢至北周，使用「鎮墓獸」之葬俗的興衰時間，盛行之地域，最後聚焦於北朝之「鎮墓獸」，討論北朝使用「鎮墓獸」的墓葬之所屬文化圈，以及北朝「鎮墓獸」形式的地域風格。並統計墓主人們的族屬、官品身分，了解使用「鎮墓獸」的族群。比較隨葬有「鎮墓獸」的墓葬規模、隨葬品清單與「鎮墓獸」的所在位置，以求得使用「鎮墓獸」葬俗的變化，釐清「鎮墓獸」葬俗轉變的時間點。比較「鎮墓獸」本身的造型與彩繪，以此推斷出由先秦至北周、北齊的「鎮墓獸」演變系譜，並簡論北朝「鎮墓獸」的文化意涵。最後對東漢至北朝的「鎮墓獸」葬俗發展作總結，推論影響北朝「鎮墓獸」造型的各項文化來源與意涵。

本文對東漢至北朝的「鎮墓獸」葬俗發展做總結，建成東漢至北朝「鎮墓獸」的造型譜系與資料庫，並推論影響北朝「鎮墓獸」造形的文化來源應有：楚國文化，中原北方漢人道教的升仙信仰、儺神文化、鮮卑薩滿信仰與神狗葬俗，西亞的粟特人、祆教文化，佛教的佛說法圖像及雙獅守護概念。希望能藉由本文對「鎮墓獸」的資料整理，可對「鎮墓獸」的相關研究能有所幫助，並在「鎮墓獸」葬俗的精神意涵議題上，略盡棉薄。A ‘Beast Guard of Tomb’ is the only fantasy creature of funerary statues and has very special molding. Today the academic circle still could not find the answer of the meaning and culture source of the ‘Beast Guard of Tomb.’ The main topic of this study is the development of ‘Beast guard of tomb’ at the period of Northern Dynasties, and quantifying the data of archaeology reports, collate the style of the ‘Beast guard of tomb’, to trace the pedigree of the ‘Beast guard of tomb’ at the period during Hang Dynasty to Tang Dynasty. The analysis on changing style of ‘Beast guard of tomb’ reveal the changing meaning of ‘Beast guard of tomb’ in the funeral culture during Hang Dynasty to Tang Dynasty.

This study compiles statistics the data of tombs which have Beast guard of tomb during Han Dynasty to Northern Dynasties. And to reason what area and culture of Dynasties used ‘Beast guard of tomb’ in the Northern Dynasties period. And assay the data of the owners of the tombs which have ‘Beast guard of tomb,’ to defining what race and class people used ‘Beast guard of tomb.’ The forth chapter collects the molding and pattern of ‘Beast guard of tomb,’ to build the pedigree of the style and culture meaning of ‘Beast guard of tomb.’

This study builds a pedigree and data base of ‘Beast Guard of Tomb’ at the period of Northern Dynasties’ of molding style. The conclusion of this study is the ‘Beast Guard of Tomb’ at the period of Northern Dynasties combine the culture of Chu Dynasty, Taoism funeral culture of Han people in Northern China, Shamanism culture of Xianbei people, Sogdiana and Zoroastrianism culture, and Buddhism.