三位國中理化教師的建模學科教學知識之個案研究－以酸鹼單元為例

Abstract

為探討教師在教學中使用模型與建模的知識與實踐，本研究以三位國中理化教師為研究對象（分別為一位科教博士與兩位科教碩士)。瞭解不同模型觀與建模教學經驗的教師在教授酸與鹼單元所呈現出的建模學科教學知識有何不同。 本研究含模型與建模的知識（Models and Modeling Knowledge；MMingK)（含教師對模型和科學建模型的觀點)與建模學科教學知識（Modeling-Pedagogical Content Knowledge；Ming-PCK)（含教師建模的教學目標與建模教學策略之知識與實踐)兩大面向。由教學前、中、後訪談、課堂觀察與問卷填答收集資料，並在教師教學後，對三位教師的某授課班級學生進行模型本質問卷與建模學習經驗問卷調查。在學生問卷填答之後由各教師推薦九位學生（高中低成就學生各三位)進行晤談，以深入瞭解學生的模型本質觀點與學習經驗感受，研究結果顯示如下： 一、建模教學經驗較豐富的教師能明確地說出模型與建模在科學教學上的應用（如：透過粒子動畫模型來讓學生瞭解酸鹼中和的過程)；在教學中能純熟溶入建模歷程且重視微觀與動態表徵模型以協助學生進行建立成分之間的聯結（如透過PhET互動軟體讓學生建構加水後的體積與莫耳濃度變化)。 二、建模教學經驗少於一年的教師在模型與建模的教學則多從巨觀與微觀的角度思考，對於動態過程的呈現（如動態模擬軟體以呈現稀釋或稀釋的過程)較少，在建模歷程的設計則較難考量到修正模型與重建模型的步驟。 三、無建模教學經驗的教師無法明確說出對模型的定義，課堂中多以文字與講述教學為主，較不重視微觀與圖像（如課程設計中很少呈現出微觀的酸鹼離子），建模步驟中則較注重應用模型（將酸鹼概念用來解題)的部分。 四、學生於兩份問卷的填答均無達到統計上的顯著差異，顯示出內隱式教學無法有效提升學生的一般化模型觀。從晤談資料可知，多數學生認為模型是實體，與問卷結果相符；五位中高能力組的學生提到模型可以用來解釋與檢驗（如耐震程度）。部分學生認為自行操作或設計實驗對學習科學理論有助益。

In order to explore teachers' practice of Models and Modeling Knowledge (MMingK), this study taked three middle school Physical Science teachers as research objects, one expert teacher with a Ph.D. in science education and two teachers with a MSc in science education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the presentation of Ming-PCK of teachers with different perspective on models and teaching experience in modeling when they were instructing the unit Acid and Base. This study contained two major aspects of Models and Modeling Knowledge (MMingK) (Teachers' views on models and scientific models) and Modeling-Pedagogical Content Knowledge (Ming-PCK) (The teaching objectives of teacher modeling and the knowledge and practice of modeling teaching strategies.) Data were collected from interviews before, during and after the course, classroom observations and questionnaires. After the teaching, a nature of model questionnaire and modeling learning experience questionnaire were conducted for a class of three teachers. After the survey, nine students (Divided into high, medium and low level students) were recommended by the instructors to conduct an interview to look into the perspective and learning experience of models of the students. The result showed that, 1.Teacher with more experience in modeling could accurately and consistently state out the application in science teaching and learning. (Such as through the particle animation model to let students understand the process of Acid-base neutralization) The teacher was skilled in combing modeling process with teaching and he valued microscopic models and utilized dynamic models to assist students in constructing the links between the components of models. (For example, through the PhET interactive software, students could construct volume and molar concentration changes after adding water) 2.Teacher with no experience in modeling teaching could not clearly state out the definitions of models. In the classroom, his instruction primarily based on lectures and explaining scientific theories. He focused less on the microscopic and image (For example, microscopic acid-base ions were rarely present in course design.), and he concentrated more on the application of models (Used the acid-base concept to solve questions). 3.Teacher with no experience in modeling teaching could not clearly state out the definitions of models. In the classroom, his instruction primarily based on lectures and explaining scientific theories. He focused less on the microscopic and dynamic models, and he concentrate more on the application of models. 4.Students’ responses to the two questionnaires did not reach statistically significant differences. It showed that implicit teaching could not effectively improve students' generalized model view. According to the interview data, most students thought that the model was an entity, which was consistent with the results of the questionnaire; five students in the middle and high ability group mentioned that the models could be used to explain and test (such as the degree of earthquake resistance.) Some students believed that self-operation or design experiments were helpful for learning scientific theories.