男子捷泳選手轉身前划手調整對轉身表現之影響

Abstract

前言：競速游泳比賽的表現優劣取決於整體游泳時間，許多研究指出游泳轉身技術是一種進階技巧的動作也直接影響整體游泳成績，意味著在高競技水平的競賽中，轉身技術的優劣對於游泳成績表現扮演著舉足輕重的角色。人類運動行為的協調型態是不同的限制來源交互作用下的結果，技術純熟的運動行為正是準確地接收環境中的訊息並產生知覺接著調整或啟動動作的表現結果。本研究以複雜系統觀點，對捷泳滾翻式轉身動作進行析論，觀察不同限制來源交互作用下的捷泳轉身協調型態與表現，進一步探討優秀捷泳選手如何準確地接收環境中的訊息並產生知覺接著調整及啟動轉身動作。本研究目的旨在探討捷泳轉身前划手調整策略對轉身表現之影響。實驗參與者為優秀游泳選手與一般游泳選手各九位，進行兩種實驗工作：第一種工作在15公尺泳池中檢驗選手對五種不同距離的知覺判斷。第二種工作則在25公尺泳池中藉由操弄兩種不同游泳速度（70%與90%）和改變泳池底的T字標線位置（距池壁2 m、2.3 m與2.6 m）以水底攝影機（60 fps）與陸上攝影機（50 fps）拍攝紀錄轉身過程，透過Kwon3D動作分析軟體擷取單側肢段關節二維資料。實驗之結果以積差相關考驗轉身表現與絕對誤差關聯性；以三因子多變量分析檢驗不同層級選手在不同游泳速度與不同泳池底的T字標線情境，轉身前划手調整策略與轉身過程中各項運動學參數，顯著水準設為 α =.05。結果1.在轉身前兩次划手與啟動轉身等三個時間點的比較中可觀察到水平速度並非維持穩定或線性關係而是有減速-加速之模式，同時也說明轉身前具有調整策略。2.優秀選手較能掌握啟動轉身的關鍵時間點(如啟動時間早、距離遠且啟動位置穩定、變異性低)，並在轉身過程中具有較佳的物理特徵(如較高的接近期水平速度、旋轉期軀幹旋轉角速度、踩踏期蹬牆速度等)。3.速度是改變轉身動作行為的控制參數之一，建議在游泳教學或訓練中應加強游泳速度變異內容提升轉身技術。

In this research program tumble turn was examined as a complex system where the individual, the task, and the environmental constraints were continually interacting to shape the performance. This research provided an opportunity to investigate the adjustment and adaptations of movements in a sample of elite athletes. Thus, aims of this study were to examine the key characteristics and explore the influences of the stroke adjustment on the turning performance. Nine regional and nine club level French male swimmers participated in this study. Two experimental tasks were implemented. The first task was to examine the perceptual ability of estimating distance to the wall. The second task was to examine the differences of the regulation strategy while approaching the wall (turning movement) in the crawl stroke between two levels of swimmers at two efforts (70% and 90%) under the changes of the standard “T” line position (normal T line, T line repositioned backward 30cm, and 60cm). One underwater camera (50Hz) and a ground camera were used for data collection. The correlation between the estimation accuracy of the distance and the performance of the turn was examined, and the movement kinematics was analyzed using the 3-way MANOVA. The results showed that the velocity pattern from the two strokes before turn initiation was neither stable nor increasing but in a pattern of decelerating then accelerating. This particular velocity profile indicates a stroke adjustment strategy before turning. Furthermore, elite swimmers present a constant and earlier turning point behavior and have superior performance of movement represented by kinematic variables. Last, the velocity may be an important control parameter in tumble turn coordination. We suggest increasing the variability of speed in swimming program in order to improve the turning performances.