運算思維視覺化對國中生程式學習的影響

Abstract

現代教育中，資訊科技領域的重要程度日漸提升，學生除了需要掌握程式設計的基礎技能外，運算思維的培養及利用科技工具解決問題並將其應用到其他領域亦是學生們需要掌握的能力。然而，對於程式的初學者而言，許多抽象概念難以理解。因此本研究旨在探討針對學習程式設計的過程中，使用視覺化工具輔助教學，將抽象觀念轉為具體畫面與流程，對於學習運算思維及程式設計的影響。本研究以國中七年級學生為對象，分為對照組與實驗組進行教學實驗。針對運算思維的培養，對照組採用紙本學習單繪製流程圖，實驗組則採用電腦視覺化工具繪製流程圖，可以執行流程圖與呈現執行步驟，程式設計皆使用 Scratch 進行練習。除了教學工具的考慮，本研究針對變數、選擇結構、重複結構等較抽象的觀念進行課程設計，經過一學年的教學後，再經由前測與後測的成績進行數據分析。為探討不同教學策略的影響，兩組再各自細分成兩組，一組先集中進行四週運算思維的培養後再進行四週的程式設計訓練，另一組則是相同觀念以運算思維及程式設計交替進行教學的模式，以探討在不同教學策略下，視覺化教學對於學生學習成效的影響。研究結果顯示，使用視覺化工具的組別經過教學後，分數顯著低於對照組，與實驗的假設與預期不符，因此結合教學現場的觀察與教師回饋進行質性分析，並提出建議使視覺化教學對運算思維與程式設計學習的潛力得以發揮。綜合以上觀點，本研究建議在程式設計教學中結合視覺化工具與運算思維訓練的策略時，應另設計能維持專注力的課堂規範，避免因資訊工具的採用導致學生致行上網的負面影響。

As information technology plays an increasingly vital role in education, students must acquire programming skills and computational thinking for problem-solving. However, beginners often face challenges in grasping abstract programming concepts. This study investigates how computational thinking visualization in programming education trans-forms abstract ideas into concrete visuals, enhancing students' understanding of compu-tational thinking and programming. The study involved seventh-grade students, divided into a control group and an experi-mental group. To develop computational thinking, the control group created flowcharts using paper worksheets, while the experimental group used computer visualization tools to design and execute flowcharts. Both groups used Scratch for programming practice. The curriculum covered abstract concepts such as variables, conditionals, and loops, with student progress assessed through pre-tests and post-tests.To investigate the effects of different teaching strategies, each group was further divid-ed into two subgroups. One subgroup concentrated on computational thinking training for four weeks before transitioning to four weeks of programming instruction. The other subgroup alternated between computational thinking and programming lessons. The findings revealed that, contrary to expectations, the experimental group using visual tools scored significantly lower after the teaching period than the control group. This unexpected outcome was examined through qualitative analysis based on classroom ob-servations and teacher feedback, leading to recommendations for maximizing the poten-tial of visual tools in teaching computational thinking and programming.In conclusion, this study suggests that when integrating visual tools with computational thinking training in programming instruction, rigorous curriculum design and clear class-room rules are necessary to prevent adverse effects on learning outcomes.