臺灣客家移民巴西的歷程及在地組織

Abstract

巴西在1810年已有招募華人的記載，而1888年廢除奴隸制度後，為因應國家發展、開發土地資源，而欲招募華工並積極和清政府進行商議。然而晚清時期卻因為發生古巴及秘魯華工被欺凌的事件，讓清政府開始重視華工的權利維護及生命保障。然而看似可行的巴西招募華工案，卻因為1893年發生了巴西非法從澳門運送約500名華工前往該國，清政府則採取防備措施來處理。不過清政府期望透過官方協議方式，協助華工進入巴西，卻因為巴西國內政爭的影響而中止。不過對於巴西招募華工的事件，影響清政府的態度，尤其對華人移往外國事宜，也從以往的漠視變成關心。 1949年後由於巴西等中南美洲國家公開招募臺灣移民前往該國從事農業開墾活動，經過臺灣媒體公開報導後，也吸引諸多臺灣人民的注意，直接或間接促使臺灣人移民前往巴西等國，部分客家人也關注到這股潮流及訊息。而臺灣客家人選擇在戰後遷移至巴西，都有各自追尋目標，即使在移民的過程初對於異國生活的適應，從事的經濟活動及語言的學習等種種挑戰和困難，這群臺灣客家移民亦咬緊牙關努力建立巴西的家園。 等到巴西生活穩定後，這些移往巴西的臺灣客家人，透過重整在1971年成立的巴西在地的客家社團-客屬崇正總會，積極辦理對內活動如巴西客家日、會員大會暨春節聯歡晚會、我愛媽媽懇親活動等等聯誼性活動，以凝聚巴西在地客家人的情感及強化人群的聯繫；對外則鼓勵幹部及會員參與巴西僑社或世界各國舉辦有關「客家」的懇親活動，透過交流來拓展視野。而1996年由崇正總會創辦，作為在地人群訊息流通的報刊-《客家親》雜誌，以社團訊息及公告、活動參與紀實、客家鄉親的生活記事及與客家有關的文章如客家文學、客家童謠、客家諺語等等多元的內容呈現。1999年發起籌建、2005年落成的巴西客家活動中心，作為巴西客家人共同的「家」，也作為辦理客家活動重要的場域，以募股取代募款，並採行股東制，以類似於客家嘗會系統運作的模式，由出資者購得「共有財產」以作為人群的融合。藉由這兩個相輔相成的社團，凝聚巴西客家的認同，在異國推展客家文化並融入在地生活，希冀能在海外的國度，持續維繫客家身分認同及保存客家文化，建立具客家特色且融合在地文化的巴西客家。Since 1810, there were historical documents about Chinese migration to Brazil. In 1888, after abolishing slavery, Brazil required a large amount of human force for cultivation in its extensive territory that applied pro-Chinese flow to the country. Qing Empire, with thoughts to alleviate pressure of over-population, encouraged immigration abroad as well. However, the racial violence against Chinese in Cuba and Peru evoked Qing authority to concern issues of these Chinese workers’ rights locally. In 1893, the event that Brazil government, without permission of Qing authority, arbitrarily imported 500 Chinese workers from Macao arose serious response of Qing officials, who proposed negotiable means mutually for following immigration. This pattern was forced to halt given that civil uprising in Brazil in late nineteenth century. Nevertheless, it is clear to witness the transformation of Qing government’s stance for immigration to foreign countries: from ignorant to well-concerned. After World War II, Brazil and other countries in central and southern America started to recruit Taiwanese for agricultural cultivation locally. Through public media to spread the information, it straightly or indirectly promoted Taiwanese, including some Hakka Taiwanese, to move to southern America. This wave of Hakka Taiwanese chose Brazil as their destination with different purposes, despite that they encountered common challenges, such as language, economic barrier and adaption issues. This story of early Hakka Taiwanese in Brazil witnessed industrious hardship that they established their homes in this foreign country. In 1971, established Hakka Taiwanese formed ethnic organizations in San Paul, Brazil: Hakka Chung Tsan Cultural Association(客屬崇正總會). This organization aggressively managed activities such as The Day of Hakka Brazilian, Chinese New Year Festival with membership meetings and Mother-day celebrations, leading to ethnic coalesce and Hakka cultural bonding in Brazil. It also became as a means to encourage members to communicate with host society, by the access of a variety of activities with local Chinese (Cantonese) community and Brazilians. In 1996, this organization published a new journal,Hakka Qin magazine (客家親), to report organizational news and activities, as well as Hakka literature, folklores, and proverbs. The group of Hakka people continued to propose a program which came into practice in 2005: the formation of Hakka Social Center (客家活動中心). It currently becomes the most significant local organization with various functions for Hakka people. It serves as the physical space of “home” for a variety of ethnic activities, while applying system of shareholders to represent Hakka Cháng Huì (shareholding ancestral worship associations) that stabilized the organizational finance with share-purchasing as coherent common property rather than fundraising. The co-existence of Hakka Chung Tsan Cultural Association and Hakka Social Center work together for ethnic tie of Hakka Brazilians, not only promoting for their adaptions to the host society but also facilitating Hakka culture to develop with unique characteristic in Brazil.