黑暗觀光景點的歷史詮釋與形象塑造比較： 以達浩集中營紀念館、薩克森豪森紀念博物館與奧茲維辛─比克瑙國家博物館為例

Abstract

隨著時代演進，許多觀光客之參訪目的地轉向兼具教育功能的景點。黑暗觀光景點於其中備受青睞，該類別中又以前納粹集中營參觀者最眾。如今多轉型成為紀念博物館的前納粹集中營遺址，於歷史傳達、國家與民族認同以及教育傳承上扮演極為重要的角色，但卻也在不同政權背景與當局政策所需之下，呈現出相異的歷史詮釋與意象。 本文以慕尼黑達浩集中營紀念館（KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau）、柏林薩克森豪森紀念博物館（Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen）與波蘭奧茲維辛─比克瑙國家博物館（Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau）為例，討論各個案做為傳播歷史及教育之載體，於各不同政權背景下之展覽文化政治，與做為實地（on site）遺跡如何轉變成為博物館，並詮釋、展示與塑造其歷史及遺址意象。Nowadays, many tourists tend to look for tourist attractions with educational functions and dark tourism destination has became one of the most attractive tourist sites. Among all the categories of dark tourism attractions, the ex-Nazi concentration camps are the most visited ones. Most of these places are transformed into Memorials and Museums, and played important roles in passing on history, constructing national identity and transmitting values. However, with different authority backgrounds and political strategies, the presented images and historical interpretations of the concentration camps are completely distinct from one to another. In this research, I will take KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau, Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen and Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau as three cases, and discuss as historical and educational disseminating carriers, how they transform from a historical ‘on site’ spot into a museum and how they construct, present and shape their history and images under different political authorities.