台灣司法審查導向的憲政主義─ 兼論對中國大陸建構憲政主義的政策意涵

Abstract

在第三波民主化浪潮中，憲政主義的概念從西方影響至亞洲國家如南韓和台灣，一個具有憲法法典的國家並不直接代表其符合憲政主義。學術界認為一個具有憲政主義的民主國家應該至少符合三個條件:第一，一部提供政府執行公權力的規範性憲法，以符合有限政府原則；第二、遵循法律主治原則；第三、保障人民的權利。本論文將釋字號以此三面向作為分析，試圖理解台灣大法官對憲政主義的實踐程度。 台灣與中國大陸在地理位置上相近，並且擁有一部相近的歷史，在文化上皆遵循儒家文化，在政治、經濟、社會皆相互影響。或許台灣司法審查導向的憲政主義經驗，可成為中國大陸面對民主轉型時的學習對象。 Tom Ginsberg認為司法審查可做為民主化的促進者，因此中國大陸在未來的民主轉型階段，或許可建立司法審查制度。而台灣司法審查導向的憲政主義經驗可以提供中國大陸在未來進行民主轉型時的參考範本。 本文共有七章，第一章為緒論。第二章介紹憲政主義興起的背景與台灣司法審查制度，並分析憲政主義與司法審查間的關係。第三章將針對台灣大法官宣告的解釋文進行限制政府權力面向的分析，了解大法官對於權力制衡的態度與影響。第四章透過三個釋字號，以法律主治原則的角度切入，分析大法官在法律主治上的成果。第五章採保障人權的面向，進行相關的探究，並試圖分析大法官的貢獻程度。第六章針對於中國大陸目前的政治體制，剖析其憲政主義三面向的實踐成果，並且試著以憲政主義觀點進行分析，說明台灣經驗對中國大陸在未來建構憲政主義的意涵。最後，第七章以研究發現與研究建議作為本文的結論。As constitutionalism has spread all over the world including Asia countries like South Korea and Taiwan during the third wave of democratization. A formal constitution is not enough for a sound constitutional state. A constitutional democracy, from the perspectives of western thoughts, entails a normative constitution by which some principles should be established and enforced for limiting government powers, protecting human rights, and adhering to the rule of law. These principles are widely accepted by many scholars as the basic elements of constitutionalism. Taiwan and China have a close relationship. With the similar history and geographical proximity, both are abided the Confucius culture. Apparently, the interactions between them are common in politics, economics, and society. The experiences of Taiwan’s constitutionalism is driven by judicial review which will help China to face the period of democratic transition in the future. According to Ginsberg’s studies, judicial power may act as a facilitator of democratization, China has potential to undergo the process of democratic transition by initiating judicial reform. The thesis will be unfolded by seven parts. Part I begins with the author’s motivation and research methods of this topic. Part II will focus on the models of constitutionalism and find out the relationship between constitutionalism and judicial review system. In part III, this thesis will try to research how the interpretations limit the government power. In part IV, the thesis will try to explore the achievement of adhering by Interpretation. Part V will analyze three interpretations of protecting human rights. In part VI, this thesis will make an overview on the State-Party model of political regime in China. In last part VII, the author will make some concluding remarks.